Vitatress

Calcium (Calcium Phosphate):

• Indications and usage
• Dosage and administration
• Dosage forms and strengths
• Contraindications
• Warnings and precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Drug interactions
• Use in specific populations
• Overdosage
• Description
• Clinical pharmacology
• Nonclinical toxicology
• Clinical studies
• How supplied/storage and handling
• Patient counseling information
• Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) reviews

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate is a phosphate binder indicated to reduce serum phosphorus in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD).

- Calcium acetate is a phosphate binder indicated for the reduction of serum phosphorus in patients with end stage renal disease. (1)

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The recommended initial dose of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate for the adult dialysis patient is 2 capsules with each meal. Increase the dose gradually to lower serum phosphorus levels to the target range, as long as hypercalcemia does not develop. Most patients require 3 to 4 capsules with each meal.

- Starting dose is 2 capsules with each meal. (2)

- Titrate the dose every 2 to 3 weeks until acceptable serum phosphorus level is reached. Most patients require 3 to 4 capsules with each meal. (2)

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

Capsule: 667 mg Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate capsule.

- Capsule: 667 mg Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate capsule. (3)

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

Patients with hypercalcemia.

- Hypercalcemia. (4)

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

- Treat mild hypercalcemia by reducing or interrupting Vitatress ) acetate and Vitamin D. Severe hypercalcemia may require hemodialysis and discontinuation of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate. (5.1)

- Hypercalcemia may aggravate digitalis toxicity. (5.2)

5.1 Hypercalcemia

Patients with end stage renal disease may develop hypercalcemia when treated with Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)), including Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate. Avoid the use of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) supplements, including Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) based nonprescription antacids, concurrently with Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate.

An overdose of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate may lead to progressive hypercalcemia, which may require emergency measures. Therefore, early in the treatment phase during the dosage adjustment period, monitor serum Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) levels twice weekly. Should hypercalcemia develop, reduce the Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate dosage, or discontinue the treatment, depending on the severity of hypercalcemia

More severe hypercalcemia (Ca >12 mg/dL) is associated with confusion, delirium, stupor and coma. Severe hypercalcemia can be treated by acute hemodialysis and discontinuing Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate therapy.

Mild hypercalcemia (10.5 to 11.9 mg/dL) may be asymptomatic or manifest as constipation, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Mild hypercalcemia is usually controlled by reducing the Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate dose or temporarily discontinuing therapy. Decreasing or discontinuing Vitamin D therapy is recommended as well.

Chronic hypercalcemia may lead to vascular calcification and other soft-tissue calcification. Radiographic evaluation of suspected anatomical regions may be helpful in early detection of soft tissue calcification. The long term effect of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate on the progression of vascular or soft tissue calcification has not been determined.

Hypercalcemia (>11 mg/dL) was reported in 16% of patients in a 3 month study of solid dose formulation of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate; all cases resolved upon lowering the dose or discontinuing treatment.

Maintain the serum calcium-phosphorus (Ca x P) product below 55 mg²/dL².

5.2 Concomitant Use with Medications

Hypercalcemia may aggravate digitalis toxicity.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

Hypercalcemia is discussed elsewhere [see Warnings and Precautions ].

- The most common (>10%) adverse reactions are hypercalcemia, nausea and vomiting. (6.1)

- In clinical studies, patients have occasionally experienced nausea during Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate therapy. (6)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. at 1-800-962-8364 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch

6.1 Clinical Trial Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

In clinical studies, Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate has been generally well tolerated.

Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate was studied in a 3 month, open-label, non-randomized study of 98 enrolled ESRD hemodialysis patients and an alternate liquid formulation of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate was studied in a two week double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study with 69 enrolled ESRD hemodialysis patients. Adverse reactions (>2% on treatment) from these trials are presented in Table 1.

Mild hypercalcemia may be asymptomatic or manifest itself as constipation, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. More severe hypercalcemia is associated with confusion, delirium, stupor, and coma. Decreasing dialysate Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) concentration could reduce the incidence and severity of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate-induced hypercalcemia. Isolated cases pruritus have been reported, which may represent allergic reactions.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to estimate their frequency or to establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate: dizziness, edema, and weakness.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

The drug interaction of Vitatress ) acetate is characterized by the potential of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) to bind to drugs with anionic functions (e.g., carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups). Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate may decrease the bioavailability of tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones via this mechanism.

There are no empirical data on avoiding drug interactions between Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate and most concomitant drugs. When administering an oral medication with Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate where a reduction in the bioavailability of that medication would have a clinically significant effect on its safety or efficacy, administer the drug one hour before or three hours after Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate. Monitor blood levels of the concomitant drugs that have a narrow therapeutic range. Patients taking anti-arrhythmic medications for the control of arrhythmias and anti-seizure medications for the control of seizure disorders were excluded from the clinical trials with all forms of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate.

- Calcium acetate may decrease the bioavailability of tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones. (7)

- When clinically significant drug interactions are expected, administer the drug at least one hour before or at least three hours after Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate or consider monitoring blood levels of the drug. (7)

7.1 Ciprofloxacin

In a study of 15 healthy subjects, a co-administered single dose of 4 Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate tablets, approximately 2.7g, decreased the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin by approximately 50%.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C:

Vitatress ) acetate capsules contains Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate, and there are no adequate and well controlled studies of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate use in pregnant women. Patients with end stage renal disease may develop hypercalcemia with Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1 ) ]. Maintenance of normal serum Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) levels is important for maternal and fetal well being. Hypercalcemia during pregnancy may increase the risk for maternal and neonatal complications such as stillbirth, preterm delivery, and neonatal hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate treatment, as recommended, is not expected to harm a fetus if maternal Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) levels are properly monitored during and following treatment.

8.2 Labor and Delivery

The effects of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate on labor and delivery are unknown.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

Vitatress ) Acetate Capsules contains Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate and is excreted in human milk. Human milk feeding by a mother receiving Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate is not expected to harm an infant, provided maternal serum Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) levels are appropriately monitored.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

10 OVERDOSAGE

Administration of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate in excess of the appropriate daily dosage may result in hypercalcemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

11 DESCRIPTION

Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate acts as a phosphate binder. Its chemical name is Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate. Its molecular formula is C₄H₆CaO₄, and its molecular weight is 158.17. Its structural formula is:

Each white opaque/blue opaque capsule contains 667 mg of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate USP (anhydrous; Ca(CH₃COO)₂; MW=158.17 grams) equal to 169 mg (8.45 mEq) Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)), polyethylene glycol 8000 and magnesium stearate. Each capsule shell contains: black monogramming ink, FD&C Blue #1, FD&C Red #3, gelatin and titanium dioxide. The black monogramming ink contains: ammonium hydroxide, iron oxide black, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, propylene glycol and shellac glaze.

Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) Acetate Capsules are administered orally for the control of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal failure.

Chemical Structure

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Patients with ESRD retain phosphorus and can develop hyperphosphatemia. High serum phosphorus can precipitate serum Vitatress ) resulting in ectopic calcification. Hyperphosphatemia also plays a role in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with ESRD.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate, when taken with meals, combines with dietary phosphate to form an insoluble Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) phosphate complex, which is excreted in the feces, resulting in decreased serum phosphorus concentration.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Orally administered Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate from pharmaceutical dosage forms is systemically absorbed up to approximately 40% under fasting conditions and up to approximately 30% under nonfasting conditions. This range represents data from both healthy subjects and renal dialysis patients under various conditions.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

No carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or fertility studies have been conducted with Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

Effectiveness of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate in decreasing serum phosphorus has been demonstrated in two studies of the Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate solid oral dosage form.

Ninety-one patients with end-stage renal disease who were undergoing hemodialysis and were hyperphosphatemic (serum phosphorus >5.5 mg/dL) following a 1 week phosphate binder washout period contributed efficacy data to an open-label, non-randomized study.

The patients received Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate 667 mg tablets at each meal for a period of 12 weeks. The initial starting dose was 2 tablets per meal for 3 meals a day, and the dose was adjusted as necessary to control serum phosphorus levels. The average final dose after 12 weeks of treatment was 3.4 tablets per meal. Although there was a decrease in serum phosphorus, in the absence of a control group the true magnitude of effect is uncertain.

The data presented in Table 2 demonstrate the efficacy of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease patients. The effects on serum Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) levels are also presented.

There was a 30% decrease in serum phosphorus levels during the 12 week study period (p<0.01). Two-thirds of the decline occurred in the first month of the study. Serum Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) increased 9% during the study mostly in the first month of the study.

Treatment with the phosphate binder was discontinued for patients from the open-label study, and those patients whose serum phosphorus exceeded 5.5 mg/dL were eligible for entry into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Patients were randomized to receive Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate or placebo, and each continued to receive the same number of tablets as had been individually established during the previous study. Following 2 weeks of treatment, patients switched to the alternative therapy for an additional 2 weeks.

The phosphate binding effect of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate is shown in the Table 3.

Overall, 2 weeks of treatment with Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate statistically significantly (p<0.01) decreased serum phosphorus by a mean of 19% and increased serum Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) by a statistically significant (p<0.01) but clinically unimportant mean of 7%.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) Acetate Capsules

667 mg capsule is supplied as a white opaque/blue opaque capsule, imprinted with “54 215” on the cap and body.

NDC 0615-2303-39: Blistercards of 30 Capsules

NDC 0615-2303-30: Unit-dose Boxes of 30 Capsules

STORAGE

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

Inform patients to take Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate capsules with meals, adhere to their prescribed diets, and avoid the use of Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) supplements including nonprescription antacids. Inform the patients about the symptoms of hypercalcemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Adverse Reactions (6.1) ].

Advise patients who are taking an oral medication where reduction in the bioavailability of that medication would have clinically significant effect on its safety or efficacy to take the drug one hour before or three hours after Vitatress (Calcium (Calcium Phosphate)) acetate capsules.

Distr. by: West-Ward

Pharmaceuticals Corp.

Eatontown, NJ 07724

10003705/05

Revised April 2016

Copper (Copper Sulfate):

• Indications:
• General directions:
• Active ingredient:
• Inactive ingredients:
• Caution:
• Storage:
• Net contents:
• Vitatress (Copper (Copper Sulfate)) reviews

Water-Resistant Protection Without Bandaging

Recommended as an Aid in Treating Horses and Ponies With Thrush Due to Organisms Susceptible to Vitatress (Copper (Copper Sulfate)) Naphthenate.

For Animal Use Only.

INDICATIONS:

ThrushTox® is indicated in the treatment of thrush in horses and ponies.

GENERAL DIRECTIONS:

Clean the hoof thoroughly, removing debris and necrotic material prior to application of Vitatress (Copper (Copper Sulfate))^®. Apply daily to affected hoofs with a narrow paint brush (about 1”) until fully healed. Caution: Do not allow runoff of excess Vitatress (Copper (Copper Sulfate))^® onto hair since contact with Vitatress (Copper (Copper Sulfate))^® may cause some hair loss. Do not contaminate feed.

NOTE: Vitatress (Copper (Copper Sulfate))^® is easily removed from hands, clothing and surfaces with light grade fuel oil or any type of lighter fluid.

CONTAINS FOIL SEAL – REMOVE BEFORE USE.

SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE.

To report suspected adverse reactions or to obtain technical assistance, call 1-800-650-4899.

ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

Vitatress (Copper (Copper Sulfate)) Naphthenate...37.5% w/w

INACTIVE INGREDIENTS:

Inert Ingredients...62.5% w/w

Total... 100.0%

CAUTION:

Do not use in horses intended for human consumption.

CAUTION: COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURE.

Use in a well-ventilated place. Avoid fire, flame, sparks or heaters.

If swallowed, do not induce vomiting, call physician immediately. Avoid breathing vapor. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN AND PETS.

STORAGE:

Store at controlled room temperature 15º to 30ºC (59º to 86ºF). Keep container tightly closed when not in use.

Manufactured for:

Aspen Veterinary Resources,^® Ltd.

Liberty, MO 64068, USA

FC163FP 11/13

Manufactured by:

First Priority, Inc.

Elgin, IL 60123-1146, USA

NET CONTENTS:

16 OZ (473 mL)

ANADA 200-304, Approved by FDA

Image of 473 mL bottle/case label

Folic Acid:

• Indications and usage
• Contraindications
• Precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Dosage and administration
• How supplied
• Storage
• Vitatress (Folic Acid) reviews

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Vitatress (Folic Acid)^® is a prescription iron supplement indicated for use in improving the nutritional status of iron deficiency.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

This product is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients. Hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis are contraindications to iron therapy.

PRECAUTIONS

Vitatress (Folic Acid) acid when administered as a single agent in doses above 0.1 mg daily may obscure pernicious anemia in that hematological remission can occur while neurological manifestations remain progressive. While prescribing this nutritional supplement for pregnant women, nursing mothers, or for women prior to conception, their medical condition and other drugs, herbs, and/or supplements consumption should be considered.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Allergic sensitization has been reported following both oral and parenteral administration of Vitatress (Folic Acid) acid.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

One tablet daily with or without food or as prescribed by a licensed healthcare provider with prescribing authority.

HOW SUPPLIED

Vitatress (Folic Acid)^® tablets are supplied in child-resistant bottles of 90 tablets (NDC 0037-6885-90)

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.

STORAGE

Store at controlled room temperature 20°-25°C (68°-77°F). Excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F).

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container to protect from light and moisture.

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS contact Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc. at 1-888-349-5556 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch

Distributed by:

Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Somerset New Jersey 08873-4120

© 2014 Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.

U.S. Patent Nos. 7,585,527 and 8,080,520

Proferrin® is a registered trademark of Colorado BioLabs, Inc., Cozad, NE.

Vitatress (Folic Acid) and the BIFERA logo are registered trademarks and the Vitatress (Folic Acid) logo is a trademark of Alaven Pharmaceutical LLC, used under license by Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.

MEDA PHARMACEUTICALS mark and logo are trademarks of Meda AB.

IN-6885-02 Rev 6/2014

Iron (Ferrous Sulfate):

• Indications and usage
• Dosage and administration
• Dosage forms and strengths
• Contraindications
• Warnings and precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Drug interactions
• Use in specific populations
• Overdosage
• Description
• Clinical pharmacology
• Nonclinical toxicology
• Clinical studies
• How supplied/storage and handling
• Patient counseling information
• Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) reviews

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is indicated for the treatment of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is an Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) replacement product indicated for the treatment of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). (1)

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Vitatress ) must only be administered intravenously either by slow injection or by infusion. The dosage of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is expressed in mg of elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)). Each mL contains 20 mg of elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)).

2.1 Adult Patients with Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease (HDD-CKD)

Administer Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) 100 mg undiluted as a slow intravenous injection over 2 to 5 minutes, or as an infusion of 100 mg diluted in a maximum of 100 mL of 0.9% NaCl over a period of at least 15 minutes, per consecutive hemodialysis session. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) should be administered early during the dialysis session. The usual total treatment course of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is 1000 mg. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) treatment may be repeated if Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) deficiency reoccurs.

2.2 Adult Patients with Non-Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Administer Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) 200 mg undiluted as a slow intravenous injection over 2 to 5 minutes or as an infusion of 200 mg in a maximum of 100 mL of 0.9% NaCl over a period of 15 minutes. Administer on 5 different occasions over a 14 day period. There is limited experience with administration of an infusion of 500 mg of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), diluted in a maximum of 250 mL of 0.9% NaCl, over a period of 3.5 to 4 hours on Day 1 and Day 14. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) treatment may be repeated if Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) deficiency reoccurs.

2.3 Adult Patients with Peritoneal Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Administer Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) in 3 divided doses, given by slow intravenous infusion, within a 28 day period: 2 infusions each of 300 mg over 1.5 hours 14 days apart followed by one 400 mg infusion over 2.5 hours 14 days later. Dilute Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) in a maximum of 250 mL of 0.9% NaCl. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) treatment may be repeated if Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) deficiency reoccurs.

2.4 Pediatric Patients with HDD-CKD for Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) maintenance treatment

The dosing for Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) replacement treatment in pediatric patients with HDD-CKD has not been established.

For Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) maintenance treatment: Administer Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, not to exceed 100 mg per dose, every two weeks for 12 weeks given undiluted by slow intravenous injection over 5 minutes or diluted in 25 mL of 0.9% NaCl and administered over 5 to 60 minutes. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) treatment may be repeated if necessary.

2.5 Pediatric Patients with NDD-CKD or PDD-CKD who are on erythropoietin therapy for Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) maintenance treatment

The dosing for Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) replacement treatment in pediatric patients with NDD-CKD or PDD-CKD has not been established.

For Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) maintenance treatment: Administer Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, not to exceed 100 mg per dose, every four weeks for 12 weeks given undiluted by slow intravenous injection over 5 minutes or diluted in 25 mL of 0.9% NaCl and administered over 5 to 60 minutes. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) treatment may be repeated if necessary.

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

• 10 mL single-use vial / 200 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (20 mg/mL)
• 5 mL single-use vial / 100 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (20 mg/mL)
• 2.5 mL single-use vial / 50 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (20 mg/mL)

• 10 mL single-use vial / 200 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (20 mg/mL) (3)
• 5 mL single-use vial / 100 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (20 mg/mL) (3)
• 2.5 mL single-use vial / 50 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (20 mg/mL) (3)

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

• Known hypersensitivity to Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate))

• Known hypersensitivity to Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (4)

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

• Hypersensitivity Reactions: Observe for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity during and after Vitatress ) administration for at least 30 minutes and until clinically stable following completion of each administration. Only administer Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) when personnel and therapies are immediately available for the treatment of serious hypersensitivity reactions. (5.1)
• Hypotension: Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) may cause hypotension. Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension during and following each administration of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)). (5.2)
• Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) Overload: Regularly monitor hematologic responses during Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) therapy. Do not administer Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) to patients with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) overload. (5.3)

5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions

Serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic-type reactions, some of which have been life-threatening and fatal, have been reported in patients receiving Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)). Patients may present with shock, clinically significant hypotension, loss of consciousness, and/or collapse. If hypersensitivity reactions or signs of intolerance occur during administration, stop Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) immediately. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity during and after Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) administration for at least 30 minutes and until clinically stable following completion of the infusion. Only administer Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) when personnel and therapies are immediately available for the treatment of serious hypersensitivity reactions. Most reactions associated with intravenous Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) preparations occur within 30 minutes of the completion of the infusion .

5.2 Hypotension

Vitatress ) may cause clinically significant hypotension. Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension following each administration of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)). Hypotension following administration of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) may be related to the rate of administration and/or total dose administered .

5.3 Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) Overload

Excessive therapy with parenteral Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) can lead to excess storage of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) with the possibility of iatrogenic hemosiderosis. All adult and pediatric patients receiving Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) require periodic monitoring of hematologic and Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation). Do not administer Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) to patients with evidence of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) overload. Transferrin saturation (TSAT) values increase rapidly after intravenous administration of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose; do not perform serum Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) measurements for at least 48 hours after intravenous dosing .

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

The following serious adverse reactions associated with Vitatress ) are described in other sections .

• The most common adverse reactions (≥2%) following the administration of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, hypotension, pruritus, pain in extremity, arthralgia, back pain, muscle cramp, injection site reactions, chest pain, and peripheral edema. (6.1)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact American Regent, Inc. at 1-800-734-9236 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch .

6.1 Adverse Reactions in Clinical Trials

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Adverse Reactions in Adults Patients with CKD

Adverse Reactions in Adult Patients with CKD

The frequency of adverse reactions associated with the use of Vitatress ) has been documented in six clinical trials involving 231 patients with HDD-CKD, 139 patients with NDD-CKD and 75 patients with PDD-CKD. Treatment-emergent adverse reactions reported by ≥ 2% of treated patients in the six clinical trials for which the rate for Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) exceeds the rate for comparator are listed by indication in Table 1. Patients with HDD-CKD received 100 mg doses at 10 consecutive dialysis sessions until a cumulative dose of 1000 mg was administered. Patients with NDD-CKD received either 5 doses of 200 mg over 2 weeks or 2 doses of 500 mg separated by fourteen days, and patients with PDD-CKD received 2 doses of 300 mg followed by a dose of 400 mg over a period of 4 weeks.

One hundred thirty (11%) of the 1,151 patients evaluated in the 4 U.S. trials in HDD-CKD patients (studies A, B and the two post marketing studies) had prior other intravenous Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) therapy and were reported to be intolerant (defined as precluding further use of that Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) product). When these patients were treated with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) there were no occurrences of adverse reactions that precluded further use of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) .

Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients with CKD (ages 2 years and older)

Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients with CKD (ages 2 years and older)

In a randomized, open-label, dose-ranging trial for Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) maintenance treatment with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) in pediatric patients with CKD on stable erythropoietin therapy , at least one treatment-emergent adverse reaction was experienced by 57% (27/47) of the patients receiving Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) 0.5 mg/kg, 53% (25/47) of the patients receiving Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) 1.0 mg/kg, and 55% (26/47) of the patients receiving Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) 2.0 mg/kg.

A total of 5 (11%) subjects in the Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) 0.5 mg/kg group, 10 (21%) patients in the Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) 1.0 mg/kg group, and 10 (21%) patients in the Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) 2.0 mg/kg group experienced at least 1 serious adverse reaction during the study. The most common treatment-emergent adverse reactions (> 2% of patients) in all patients were headache (6%), respiratory tract viral infection (4%), peritonitis (4%), vomiting (4%), pyrexia (4%), dizziness (4%), cough (4%), renal transplant (4%), nausea (3%), arteriovenous fistula thrombosis (2%), hypotension (2%), and hypertension (2.1%).

6.2 Adverse Reactions from Post-Marketing Experience

Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

In the post-marketing safety studies in 1,051 treated patients with HDD-CKD, the adverse reactions reported by > 1% were: cardiac failure congestive, sepsis and dysgeusia.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)). Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure: Anaphylactic-type reactions, shock, loss of consciousness, collapse, bronchospasm, dyspnea, convulsions, light-headedness, confusion, angioedema, swelling of the joints, hyperhidrosis, back pain, bradycardia, and chromaturia.

Symptoms associated with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) total dosage or infusing too rapidly included hypotension, dyspnea, headache, vomiting, nausea, dizziness, joint aches, paresthesia, abdominal and muscle pain, edema, and cardiovascular collapse. These adverse reactions have occurred up to 30 minutes after the administration of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) injection. Reactions have occurred following the first dose or subsequent doses of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)). Symptoms may respond to intravenous fluids, hydrocortisone, and/or antihistamines. Slowing the infusion rate may alleviate symptoms.

Injection site discoloration has been reported following extravasation. Assure stable intravenous access to avoid extravasation.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

Drug interactions involving Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) have not been studied. However, Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) may reduce the absorption of concomitantly administered oral Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) preparations.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1 Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category B

Pregnancy Category B

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. In animal reproduction studies, Vitatress ) sucrose was administered intravenously to rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 13 mg/kg/day of elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (half or equivalent to the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area, respectively) and revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose. Because animal reproductive studies are not always predictive of human response, Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

8.3 Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose is excreted in human milk. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose is secreted into the milk of lactating rats. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is administered to a nursing woman.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness of Vitatress ) for Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) replacement treatment in pediatric patients with dialysis-dependent or non-dialysis-dependent CKD have not been established.

Safety and effectiveness of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) for Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) maintenance treatment in pediatric patients 2 years of age and older with dialysis-dependent or non-dialysis-dependent CKD receiving erythropoietin therapy were studied. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) at doses of 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and 2.0 mg/kg was administered. All three doses maintained hemoglobin between 10.5 g/dL and 14.0 g/dL in about 50% of subjects over the 12-week treatment period with stable EPO dosing. [See Clinical Studies (14.6)]

Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) has not been studied in patients younger than 2 years of age.

In a country where Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is available for use in children, at a single site, five premature infants (weight less than 1,250 g) developed necrotizing enterocolitis and two of the five died during or following a period when they received Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), several other medications and erythropoietin. Necrotizing enterocolitis may be a complication of prematurity in very low birth weight infants. No causal relationship to Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) or any other drugs could be established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Of the 1,051 patients in two post-marketing safety studies of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), 40% were 65 years and older. No overall differences in safety were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. In general, dose administration to an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

10 OVERDOSAGE

No data are available regarding overdosage of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) in humans. Excessive dosages of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) may lead to accumulation of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) in storage sites potentially leading to hemosiderosis. Do not administer Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) to patients with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) overload.

Toxicities in single-dose studies in mice and rats, at intravenous Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose doses up to 8 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area, included sedation, hypoactivity, pale eyes, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs, and mortality.

11 DESCRIPTION

Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (iron sucrose injection, USP), an Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) replacement product, is a brown, sterile, aqueous, complex of polynuclear Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (III)-hydroxide in sucrose for intravenous use. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose injection has a molecular weight of approximately 34,000 to 60,000 daltons and a proposed structural formula:

[Na₂Fe₅O₈(OH) ·3(H₂O)]_n ·m(C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)

where: n is the degree of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) polymerization and m is the number of sucrose molecules associated with the Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (III)-hydroxide.

Each mL contains 20 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) as Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose in water for injection. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is available in 10 mL single-use vials (200 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) per 10 mL), 5 mL single-use vials (100 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) per 5 mL), and 2.5 mL single-use vials (50 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) per 2.5 mL). The drug product contains approximately 30% sucrose w/v (300 mg/mL) and has a pH of 10.5 to 11.1. The product contains no preservatives. The osmolarity of the injection is 1,250 mOsmol/L.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Vitatress ) is an aqueous complex of poly-nuclear Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (III)-hydroxide in sucrose. Following intravenous administration, Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is dissociated into Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) and sucrose and the Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is transported as a complex with transferrin to target cells including erythroid precursor cells. The Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) in the precursor cells is incorporated into hemoglobin as the cells mature into red blood cells.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

Following intravenous administration, Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is dissociated into Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) and sucrose. In 22 patients undergoing hemodialysis and receiving erythropoietin (recombinant human erythropoietin) therapy treated with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose containing 100 mg of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), three times weekly for three weeks, significant increases in serum Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) and serum ferritin and significant decreases in total Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) binding capacity occurred four weeks from the initiation of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose treatment.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

In healthy adults administered intravenous doses of Vitatress ), its Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) component exhibited first order kinetics with an elimination half-life of 6 h, total clearance of 1.2 L/h, and steady state apparent volume of distribution of 7.9 L. The Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) component appeared to distribute mainly in blood and to some extent in extravascular fluid. A study evaluating Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) containing 100 mg of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) labeled with ⁵²Fe/⁵⁹Fe in patients with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) deficiency showed that a significant amount of the administered Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is distributed to the liver, spleen and bone marrow and that the bone marrow is an irreversible Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) trapping compartment.

Following intravenous administration of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose is dissociated into Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) and sucrose. The sucrose component is eliminated mainly by urinary excretion. In a study evaluating a single intravenous dose of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) containing 1,510 mg of sucrose and 100 mg of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) in 12 healthy adults (9 female, 3 male: age range 32 to 52), 68.3% of the sucrose was eliminated in urine in 4 h and 75.4% in 24 h. Some Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) was also eliminated in the urine. Neither transferrin nor transferrin receptor levels changed immediately after the dose administration. In this study and another study evaluating a single intravenous dose of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose containing 500 to 700 mg of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) in 26 patients with anemia on erythropoietin therapy (23 female, 3 male; age range 16 to 60), approximately 5% of the Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) was eliminated in urine in 24 h at each dose level. The effects of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) have not been studied.

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients

In a single-dose PK study of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), patients with NDD-CDK ages 12 to 16 (N=11) received intravenous bolus doses of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) at 7 mg/kg (maximum 200 mg) administered over 5 minutes. Following single dose Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), the half-life of total serum Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) was 8 hours. The mean Cmax and AUC values were 8545 μg/dl and 31305 hr-μg/dL, respectively, which were 1.42- and 1.67-fold higher than dose adjusted adult Cmax and AUC values.

Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is not dialyzable through CA210 (Baxter) High Efficiency or Fresenius F80A High Flux dialysis membranes. In in vitro studies, the amount of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose in the dialysate fluid was below the levels of detection of the assay (less than 2 parts per million).

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenicity studies have not been performed with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose.

Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose was not mutagenic in vitro in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) or the mouse lymphoma assay. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose was not clastogenic in the in vitro chromosome aberration assay using human lymphocytes or in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay.

Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) sucrose at intravenous doses up to 15 mg/kg/day of elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (1.2 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area) had no effect on fertility and reproductive function of male and female rats.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

Five clinical trials involving 647 adult patients and one clinical trial involving 131 pediatric patients were conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of Vitatress ).

14.1 Study A: Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease (HDD–CKD)

Study A was a multicenter, open-label, historically-controlled study in 101 patients with HDD-CKD (77 patients with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) treatment and 24 in the historical control group) with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) deficiency anemia. Eligibility criteria for Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) treatment included patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, receiving erythropoietin, hemoglobin level between 8.0 and 11.0 g/dL, transferrin saturation < 20%, and serum ferritin < 300 ng/mL. The mean age of the patients was 65 years with the age range of 31 to 85 years. Of the 77 patients, 44 (57%) were male and 33 (43%) were female.

Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) 100 mg was administered at 10 consecutive dialysis sessions either as slow injection or a slow infusion. The historical control population consisted of 24 patients with similar ferritin levels as patients treated with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), who were off intravenous Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) for at least 2 weeks and who had received erythropoietin therapy with hematocrit averaging 31 to 36 for at least two months prior to study entry. The mean age of patients in the historical control group was 56 years, with an age range of 29 to 80 years. Patient age and serum ferritin level were similar between treatment and historical control patients.

Patients in the Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) treated population showed a greater increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit than did patients in the historical control population. See Table 2.

Serum ferritin increased at endpoint of study from baseline in the Venofer-treated population (165.3 ± 24.2 ng/mL) compared to the historical control population (-27.6 ± 9.5 ng/mL). Transferrin saturation also increased at endpoint of study from baseline in the Venofer-treated population (8.8 ± 1.6%) compared to this historical control population (-5.1 ± 4.3%).

14.2 Study B: Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study B was a multicenter, open label study of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) in 23 patients with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) deficiency and HDD-CKD who had been discontinued from Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) dextran due to intolerance. Eligibility criteria were otherwise identical to Study A. The mean age of the patients in this study was 53 years, with ages ranging from 21 to 79 years. Of the 23 patients enrolled in the study, 10 (44%) were male and 13 (56%) were female.

All 23 enrolled patients were evaluated for efficacy. Increases in mean hemoglobin (1.1 ± 0.2 g/dL), hematocrit (3.6 ± 0.6%), serum ferritin (266.3 ± 30.3 ng/mL) and transferrin saturation (8.7 ± 2.0%) were observed from baseline to end of treatment.

14.3 Study C: Hemodialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study C was a multicenter, open-label study in patients with HDD-CKD. This study enrolled patients with a hemoglobin ≤ 10 g/dL, a serum transferrin saturation ≤ 20%, and a serum ferritin ≤ 200 ng/mL, who were undergoing maintenance hemodialysis 2 to 3 times weekly. The mean age of the patients enrolled in this study was 41 years, with ages ranging from 16 to 70 years. Of 130 patients evaluated for efficacy in this study, 68 (52%) were male and 62 (48%) were female. Forty-eight percent of the patients had previously been treated with oral Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)). Exclusion criteria were similar to those in studies A and B. Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) was administered in doses of 100 mg during sequential dialysis sessions until a pre-determined (calculated) total dose of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) was administered. A 50 mg dose (2.5 mL) was given to patients within two weeks of study entry as a test dose. Twenty-seven patients (20%) were receiving erythropoietin treatment at study entry and they continued to receive the same erythropoietin dose for the duration of the study.

The modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population consisted of 131 patients. Increases from baseline in mean hemoglobin (1.7 g/dL), hematocrit (5%), serum ferritin (434.6 ng/mL), and serum transferrin saturation (14%) were observed at week 2 of the observation period and these values remained increased at week 4 of the observation period.

14.4 Study D: Non-Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study D was a randomized, open-label, multicenter, active-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of oral Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) versus Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) in patients with NDD-CKD with or without erythropoietin therapy. Erythropoietin therapy was stable for 8 weeks prior to randomization. In the study 188 patients with NDD-CKD, hemoglobin of ≤ 11.0 g/dL, transferrin saturation ≤ 25%, ferritin ≤ 300 ng/mL were randomized to receive oral Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (325 mg ferrous sulfate three times daily for 56 days); or Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (either 200 mg over 2 to 5 minutes 5 times within 14 days or two 500 mg infusions on Day 1 and Day 14, administered over 3.5 to 4 hours). The mean age of the 91 treated patients in the Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) group was 61.6 years (range 25 to 86 years) and 64 years (range 21 to 86 years) for the 91 patients in the oral Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) group.

A statistically significantly greater proportion of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) subjects (35/79; 44.3%) compared to oral Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) subjects (23/82; 28%) had an increase in hemoglobin ≥ 1 g/dL at anytime during the study (p = 0.03).

14.5 Study E: Peritoneal Dialysis Dependent-Chronic Kidney Disease

Study E was a randomized, open-label, multicenter study comparing patients with PDD-CKD receiving an erythropoietin and intravenous Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) to patients with PDD-CKD receiving an erythropoietin alone without Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) supplementation. Patients with PDD-CKD, stable erythropoietin for 8 weeks, hemoglobin of ≤ 11.5 g/dL, TSAT ≤ 25%, ferritin ≤ 500 ng/mL were randomized to receive either no Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) or Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (300 mg in 250 mL 0.9% NaCl over 1.5 hours on Day 1 and 15 and 400 mg in 250 mL 0.9% NaCl over 2.5 hours on Day 29). The mean age of the 75 treated patients in the Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) / erythropoietin group was 51.9 years (range 21 to 81 years) vs. 52.8 years (range 23 to 77 years) for 46 patients in the erythropoietin alone group.

Patients in the Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) / erythropoietin group had statistically significantly greater mean change from baseline to the highest hemoglobin value (1.3 g/dL), compared to subjects who received erythropoietin alone (0.6 g/dL) (p < 0.01). A greater proportion of subjects treated with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) / erythropoietin (59.1 %) had an increase in hemoglobin of ≥ 1 g/dL at any time during the study compared to the subjects who received erythropoietin only (33.3%).

14.6 Study F: Vitatress ) Maintenance Treatment Dosing in Pediatric Patients Ages 2 years and Older with Chronic Kidney Disease

Study F was a randomized, open-label, dose-ranging study for Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) maintenance treatment in pediatric patients with dialysis-dependent or non-dialysis-dependent CKD on stable erythropoietin therapy. The study randomized patients to one of three doses of Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg or 2.0 mg/kg). The mean age was 13 years (range 2 to 20 years). Over 70% of patients were 12 years or older in all three groups. There were 84 males and 61 females. About 60% of patients underwent hemodialysis and 25% underwent peritoneal dialysis in all three dose groups. At baseline, the mean hemoglobin was 12 g/dL, the mean TSAT was 33% and the mean ferritin was 300 ng/mL. Patients with HDD-CKD received Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) once every other week for 6 doses. Patients with PDD-CKD or NDD-CKD received Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) once every 4 weeks for 3 doses. Among 131 evaluable patients with stable erythropoietin dosing, the proportion of patients who maintained hemoglobin between 10.5 g/dL and 14.0 g/dL during the 12-week treatment period was 58.7%, 46.7%, and 45.0% in the Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) 0.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and 2.0 mg/kg groups, respectively. A dose-response relationship was not demonstrated.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/storage and handling

16.1 How Supplied

Vitatress ) is supplied sterile in 10 mL, 5 mL, and 2.5 mL single-use vials. Each 10 mL vial contains 200 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), each 5 mL vial contains 100 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), and each 2.5 mL vial contains 50 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) (20 mg/mL).

16.2 Stability and Storage

Contains no preservatives. Store in original carton at 20°C to 25°C (68° F to 77° F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).. Do not freeze.

Syringe Stability: Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), when diluted with 0.9% NaCl at concentrations ranging from 2 mg to 10 mg of elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) per mL, or undiluted (20 mg elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) per mL) and stored in a plastic syringe, was found to be physically and chemically stable for 7 days at controlled room temperature (25°C ± 2°C) and under refrigeration (4°C ± 2°C).

Intravenous Admixture Stability: Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)), when added to intravenous infusion bags (PVC or non-PVC) containing 0.9% NaCl at concentrations ranging from 1 mg to 2 mg of elemental Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) per mL, has been found to be physically and chemically stable for 7 days at controlled room temperature (25°C ± 2°C).

Do not dilute to concentrations below 1 mg/mL.

Do not mix Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) with other medications or add to parenteral nutrition solutions for intravenous infusion.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to infusion.

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

Prior to Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) administration:

• Question patients regarding any prior history of reactions to parenteral Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) products
• Advise patients of the risks associated with Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate))
• Advise patients to report any symptoms of hypersensitivity that may develop during and following Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) administration, such as rash, itching, dizziness, light-headedness, swelling, and breathing problems [see Warnings and Precautions (5)]

AMERICAN

REGENT, INC.

SHIRLEY, NY 11967

Vitatress (Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)) is manufactured under license from Vifor (International) Inc., Switzerland.

PremierProRx^® is a trademark of Premier, Inc., used under license.

PREMIERProRx^®

IN2340

MG #15727

Potassium (Potassium Sulfate):

• Description
• Clinical pharmacology
• Indications and usage
• Contraindications
• Warnings
• Precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Overdosage
• Dosage and administration
• How supplied
• Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) reviews

Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) CHLORIDE EXTENDED RELEASE TABLETS USP 20 mEq K

Rx Only

DESCRIPTION

The Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq product is an immediately dispersing extended release oral dosage form of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride containing 1500 mg of microencapsulated Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride, USP equivalent to 20 mEq of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) in a tablet.

These formulations are intended to slow the release of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) so that the likelihood of a high localized concentration of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride within the gastrointestinal tract is reduced.

Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is an electrolyte replenisher. The chemical name of the active ingredient is Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride, and the structural formula is KCl. Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride, USP occurs as a white, granular powder or as colorless crystals. It is odorless and has a saline taste. Its solutions are neutral to litmus. It is freely soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol.

Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is a tablet formulation (not enteric coated or wax matrix) containing individually microencapsulated Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride crystals which disperse upon tablet disintegration. In simulated gastric fluid at 37°C and in the absence of outside agitation, Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq begin disintegrating into microencapsulated crystals within seconds and completely disintegrates within 1 minute. The microencapsulated crystals are formulated to provide an extended release of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride.

Inactive Ingredients: Colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, diethyl phthalate, ethyl-cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

The Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) ion is the principal intracellular cation of most body tissues. Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) ions participate in a number of essential physiological processes including the maintenance of intracellular tonicity; the transmission of nerve impulses; the contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle; and the maintenance of normal renal function.

The intracellular concentration of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) is approximately 150 to 160 mEq per liter. The normal adult plasma concentration is 3.5 to 5 mEq per liter. An active ion transport system maintains this gradient across the plasma membrane.

Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) is a normal dietary constituent and under steady-state conditions the amount of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine. The usual dietary intake of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) is 50 to 100 mEq per day.

Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) depletion will occur whenever the rate of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds the rate of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) intake. Such depletion usually develops as a consequence of therapy with diuretics, primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism, diabetic ketoacidosis, or inadequate replacement of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) in patients on prolonged parenteral nutrition. Depletion can develop rapidly with severe diarrhea, especially if associated with vomiting. Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) depletion due to these causes is usually accompanied by a concomitant loss of chloride and is manifested by hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) depletion may produce weakness, fatigue, disturbances or cardiac rhythm (primarily ectopic beats), prominent U-waves in the electrocardiogram, and in advanced cases, flaccid paralysis and/or impaired ability to concentrate urine.

If Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) depletion associated with metabolic alkalosis cannot be managed by correcting the fundamental cause of the deficiency, eg, where the patient requires long-term diuretic therapy, supplemental Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) in the form of high Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) food or Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride may be able to restore normal Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) levels.

In rare circumstances (eg, patients with renal tubular acidosis) Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) depletion may be associated with metabolic acidosis and hyperchloremia. In such patients Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) replacement should be accomplished with Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) salts other than the chloride, such as Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) bicarbonate, Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) citrate, Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) acetate, or Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) gluconate.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

BECAUSE OF REPORTS OF INTESTINAL AND GASTRIC ULCERATION AND BLEEDING WITH CONTROLLED-RELEASE Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) CHLORIDE PREPARATIONS, THESE DRUGS SHOULD BE RESERVED FOR THOSE PATIENTS WHO CANNOT TOLERATE OR REFUSE TO TAKE LIQUID OR EFFERVESCENT Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) PREPARATIONS OR FOR PATIENTS IN WHOM THERE IS A PROBLEM OF COMPLIANCE WITH THESE PREPARATIONS.

1. For the treatment of patients with hypokalemia with or without metabolic alkalosis, in digitalis intoxication, and in patients with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis. If hypokalemia is the result of diuretic therapy, consideration should be given to the use of a lower dose of diuretic, which may be sufficient without leading to hypokalemia.

2. For the prevention of hypokalemia in patients who would be at particular risk if hypokalemia were to develop, eg, digitalized patients or patients with significant cardiac arrhythmias.

The use of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) salts in patients receiving diuretics for uncomplicated essential hypertension is often unnecessary when such patients have a normal dietary pattern and when low doses of the diuretic are used. Serum Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) should be checked periodically, however, and if hypokalemia occurs, dietary supplementation with potassium-containing foods may be adequate to control milder cases. In more severe cases, and if dose adjustment of the diuretic is ineffective or unwarranted, supplementation with Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) salts may be indicated.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) supplements are contraindicated in patients with hyperkalemia since a further increase in serum Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) concentration in such patients can produce cardiac arrest. Hyperkalemia may complicate any of the following conditions: chronic renal failure, systemic acidosis, such as diabetic acidosis, acute dehydration, extensive tissue breakdown as in severe burns, adrenal insufficiency, or the administration of a potassium-sparing diuretic (eg, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride) (see OVERDOSAGE ).

Controlled-release formulations of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride have produced esophageal ulceration in certain cardiac patients with esophageal compression due to enlarged left atrium. Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) supplementation, when indicated in such patients, should be given as a liquid preparation or as an aqueous (water) suspension of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride (see PRECAUTIONS: Information for Patients , and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION sections).

All solid oral dosage forms of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride are contraindicated in any patient in whom there is structural, pathological (eg, diabetic gastroparesis), or pharmacologic (use of anticholinergic agents or other agents with anticholinergic properties at sufficient doses to exert anticholinergic effects) cause for arrest or delay in tablet passage through the gastrointestinal tract.

WARNINGS

Hyperkalemia (see OVERDOSAGE )

In patients with impaired mechanisms for excreting Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)), the administration of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) salts can produce hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. This occurs most commonly in patients given Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) by the intravenous route but may also occur in patients given Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) orally. Potentially fatal hyperkalemia can develop rapidly and be asymptomatic. The use of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) salts in patients with chronic renal disease, or any other condition which impairs Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) excretion, requires particularly careful monitoring of the serum Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) concentration and appropriate dosage adjustment.

Interaction with Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Hypokalemia should not be treated by the concomitant administration of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) salts and a potassium-sparing diuretic (eg, spironolactone, triamterene, or amiloride) since the simultaneous administration of these agents can produce severe hyperkalemia.

Interaction with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (eg, captopril, enalapril) will produce some Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) retention by inhibiting aldosterone production. Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) supplements should be given to patients receiving ACE inhibitors only with close monitoring.

Gastrointestinal Lesions

Solid oral dosage forms of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride can produce ulcerative and/or stenotic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on spontaneous adverse reaction reports, enteric-coated preparations of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride are associated with an increased frequency of small bowel lesions (40-50 per 100,000 patient years) compared to sustained release wax matrix formulations (less than one per 100,000 patient years). Because of the lack of extensive marketing experience with microencapsulated products, a comparison between such products and wax matrix or enteric-coated products is not available. Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is a tablet formulated to provide a controlled rate of release of microencapsulated Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride and thus to minimize the possibility of a high local concentration of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) near the gastrointestinal wall.

Prospective trials have been conducted in normal human volunteers in which the upper gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by endoscopic inspection before and after 1 week of solid oral Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride therapy. The ability of this model to predict events occurring in usual clinical practice is unknown. Trials which approximated usual clinical practice did not reveal any clear differences between the wax matrix and microencapsulated dosage forms. In contrast, there was a higher incidence of gastric and duodenal lesions in subjects receiving a high dose of a wax matrix controlled-release formulation under conditions which did not resemble usual or recommended clinical practice (ie, 96 mEq per day in divided doses of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride administered to fasted patients, in the presence of an anticholinergic drug to delay gastric emptying). The upper gastrointestinal lesions observed by endoscopy were asymptomatic and were not accompanied by evidence of bleeding (Hemoccult testing). The relevance of these findings to the usual conditions (ie, non-fasting, no anticholinergic agent, smaller doses) under which controlled-release Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride products are used is uncertain; epidemiologic studies have not identified an elevated risk, compared to microencapsulated products, for upper gastrointestinal lesions in patients receiving wax matrix formulations. Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq should be discontinued immediately and the possibility of ulceration, obstruction, or perforation should be considered if severe vomiting, abdominal pain, distention, or gastrointestinal bleeding occurs.

Metabolic Acidosis

Hypokalemia in patients with metabolic acidosis should be treated with an alkalinizing Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) salt such as Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) bicarbonate, Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) citrate, Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) acetate, or Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) gluconate.

PRECAUTIONS

General

The diagnosis of Vitatress ) depletion is ordinarily made by demonstrating hypokalemia in a patient with a clinical history suggesting some cause for Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) depletion. In interpreting the serum Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) level, the physician should bear in mind that acute alkalosis per se can produce hypokalemia in the absence of a deficit in total body Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) while acute acidosis per se can increase the serum Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) concentration into the normal range even in the presence of a reduced total body Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)). The treatment of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) depletion, particularly in the presence of cardiac disease, renal disease, or acidosis requires careful attention to acid-base balance and appropriate monitoring of serum electrolytes, the electrocardiogram, and the clinical status of the patient.

Information for Patients

Physicians should consider reminding the patient of the following: To take each dose with meals and with a full glass of water or other liquid. To take each dose without crushing, chewing, or sucking the tablets. If those patients are having difficulty swallowing whole tablets, they may try one of the following alternate methods of administration:

• Break the tablet in half, and take each half separately with a glass of water.
• Prepare an aqueous (water) suspension as follows:
  

  1. Place the whole tablet(s) in approximately 1/2 glass of water (4 fluid ounces).
  

  2. Allow approximately 2 minutes for the tablet(s) to disintegrate.
  

  3. Stir for about half a minute after the tablet(s) has disintegrated.
  

  4. Swirl the suspension and consume the entire contents of the glass immediately by drinking or by the use of a straw.
  

  5. Add another 1 fluid ounce of water, swirl, and consume immediately.
  

  6. Then, add an additional 1 fluid ounce of water, swirl, and consume immediately.

Aqueous suspension of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride that is not taken immediately should be discarded. The use of other liquids for suspending Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is not recommended.

To take this medicine following the frequency and amount prescribed by the physician. This is especially important if the patient is also taking diuretics and/or digitalis preparations.

To check with the physician at once if tarry stools or other evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding is noticed.

Laboratory Tests

When blood is drawn for analysis of plasma Vitatress ) it is important to recognize that artifactual elevations can occur after improper venipuncture technique or as a result of in vitro hemolysis of the sample.

Drug Interactions

Potassium-sparing diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (see WARNINGS ).

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and fertility studies in animals have not been performed. Vitatress ) is a normal dietary constituent.

Pregnancy Category C

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq. It is unlikely that Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) supplementation that does not lead to hyperkalemia would have an adverse effect on the fetus or would affect reproductive capacity.

Nursing Mothers

The normal Vitatress ) ion content of human milk is about 13 mEq per liter. Since oral Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) becomes part of the body Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) pool, so long as body Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) is not excessive, the contribution of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride supplementation should have little or no effect on the level in human milk.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection; and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

One of the most severe adverse effects is hyperkalemia (see CONTRAINDICATIONS , WARNINGS , and OVERDOSAGE ). There have also been reports of upper and lower gastrointestinal conditions including obstruction, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS ). The most common adverse reactions to oral Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) salts are nausea, vomiting, flatulence, abdominal pain/discomfort, and diarrhea. These symptoms are due to irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and are best managed by diluting the preparation further, taking the dose with meals or reducing the amount taken at one time.

OVERDOSAGE

The administration of oral Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) salts to persons with normal excretory mechanisms for Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) rarely causes serious hyperkalemia. However, if excretory mechanisms are impaired or if Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) is administered too rapidly intravenously, potentially fatal hyperkalemia can result (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS ). It is important to recognize that hyperkalemia is usually asymptomatic and may be manifested only by an increased serum Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) concentration (6.5-8.0 mEq/L) and characteristic electrocardiographic changes (peaking of T-waves, loss of P-waves, depression of S-T segment, and prolongation of the QT-interval). Late manifestations include muscle paralysis and cardiovascular collapse from cardiac arrest (9-12 mEq/L).

Treatment measures for hyperkalemia include the following:

• Patients should be closely monitored for arrhythmias and electrolyte changes.
• Elimination of foods and medications containing Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) and of any agents with potassium-sparing properties such as potassium-sparing diuretics, ARBS, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS, certain nutritional supplements and many others.
• Intravenous calcium gluconate if the patient is at no risk of developing digitalis toxicity.
• Intravenous administration of 300 to 500 mL/hr of 10% dextrose solution containing 10-20 units of crystalline insulin per 1,000 mL.
• Correction of acidosis, if present, with intravenous sodium bicarbonate.
• Use of exchange resins, hemodialysis, or peritoneal dialysis.

In treating hyperkalemia, it should be recalled that in patients who have been stabilized on digitalis, too rapid a lowering of the serum Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) concentration can produce digitalis toxicity.

The extended release feature means that absorption and toxic effects may be delayed for hours.

Consider standard measures to remove any unabsorbed drug.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

The usual dietary intake of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) by the average adult is 50 to 100 mEq per day. Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) depletion sufficient to cause hypokalemia usually requires the loss of 200 or more mEq of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) from the total body store.

Dosage must be adjusted to the individual needs of each patient. The dose for the prevention of hypokalemia is typically in the range of 20 mEq per day. Doses of 40-100 mEq per day or more are used for the treatment of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) depletion. Dosage should be divided if more than 20 mEq per day is given such that no more than 20 mEq is given in a single dose.

Each Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablet USP, 20 mEq provides 20 mEq of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride.

Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq should be taken with meals and with a glass of water or other liquid. This product should not be taken on an empty stomach because of its potential for gastric irritation (see WARNINGS ).

Patients having difficulty swallowing whole tablets may try one of the following alternate methods of administration:

• Break the tablet in half, and take each half separately with a glass of water.
• Prepare an aqueous (water) suspension as follows:
  • Place the whole tablet(s) in approximately 1/2 glass of water (4 fluid ounces).
  • Allow approximately 2 minutes for the tablet(s) to disintegrate.
  • Stir for about half a minute after the tablet(s) has disintegrated.
  • Swirl the suspension and consume the entire contents of the glass immediately by drinking or by the use of a straw.
  • Add another 1 fluid ounce of water, swirl, and consume immediately.
  • Then, add an additional 1 fluid ounce of water, swirl, and consume immediately.

Aqueous suspension of Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride that is not taken immediately should be discarded. The use of other liquids for suspending Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq is not recommended.

HOW SUPPLIED

Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq are available in bottles of 100 (NDC 62037-999-01), bottles of 500 (NDC 62037-999-05), and bottles of 1000 (NDC 62037-999-10). Potassium Chloride Extended Release Tablets USP, 20 mEq are capsule shaped, white to off-white tablets, with “ABRS-123” imprinted on one side and scored on the other side for flexibility of dosing.

Storage Conditions

Keep tightly closed. Store at controlled room temperature, 20°-25°C (68°-77°F).

Manufactured by:

Eurand, Inc.

Vandalia, OH 45377 USA

Distributed by:

Watson Pharma, Inc.

Rev. Date (01/09) 173714

Vitatress (Potassium (Potassium Sulfate)) chloride 20 Meq

Vitamin A (Retinol Acetate):

• Dosage and administration
• Warning
• Clinical pharmacology
• Dietary supplementation
• Warnings
• Precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Dosage and administration
• How supplied
• Vitatress (Vitamin A (Retinol Acetate)) reviews

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

One tablet daily or as directed by a physician.

WARNING

KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.

In case of accidental overdose, seek professional assistance or contact a Poison Control Center immediately.

Other Ingredients: Artificial cherry flavor, artificial grape flavor, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, compressible sugar, D&C Red #7 calcium lake, FD&C Blue #1 aluminum lake, FD&C Yellow #6 aluminum lake, folic acid, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, natural and artificial orange flavor, niacinamide, polyethylene glycol, pyridoxine HCl, riboflavin, sodium ascorbate, sodium fluoride, stearic acid, sucralose, thiamine HCl, Vitatress (Vitamin A (Retinol Acetate)) acetate, vitamin B12 and vitamin E acetate.

Active ingredient for caries prophylaxis: Fluoride as sodium fluoride.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Significant decrease in the incidence of dental caries can be linked to the fluoridation of the water supply (1ppm fluoride) during the period of tooth development.

Vitatress (Vitamin A (Retinol Acetate)) Tablets provide sodium fluoride and ten essential vitamins in a chewable tablet. Because the tablets are chewable, they provide a topical as well as systemic source of fluoride. Hydroxyapatite is the principal crystal for all calcified tissue in the human body. The fluoride ion reacts with the Hydroxyapatite in the tooth as it is formed to produce the more caries-resistant crystal, fluorapatite.

The reaction may be expressed by the equation:

Three stages of fluoride deposition in tooth enamel can be distinguished:

• Small amounts (reflecting the low levels of fluoride in tissue fluids) are incorporated into the enamel crystals while they are being formed.
• After enamel has been laid down, fluoride deposition continues in the surface enamel. Diffusion of fluoride from the surface inward is apparently restricted.
• After eruption, the surface enamel acquires fluoride from the water, food, supplementary fluoride and smaller amounts of saliva.

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION

Multivitamins with fluoride offer supplementation of the diet with 10 vitamins and fluoride.

WARNINGS

AS IN THE CASE OF ALL MEDICATIONS, KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN. This tablet should be chewed. This product, as with all chewable tablets are not recommended for children under the age of 4 due to risk of choking.

PRECAUTIONS

The suggested dose of Vitatress (Vitamin A (Retinol Acetate)) Tablets should not be exceeded, since dental fluorosis may result from continued ingestion of large amounts of fluoride.

Before recommending Vitatress (Vitamin A (Retinol Acetate)) Tablets

• Determine the fluoride content of the drinking water from all major sources
• Make sure the child is not receiving significant amounts of fluoride from other sources such as medications and swallowed toothpaste
• Periodically check to make sure that the child does not develop significant dental fluorosis.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Allergic rash and other idiosyncrasies have been rarely reported.

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact H2-Pharma, LLC at 1 (866) 592-6438 or FDA at 1 (800) 332-1088 or via the web at www.fda.gov/medwatch/index.html for voluntary reporting of adverse reactions.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

One tablet daily or as directed by a physician.

HOW SUPPLIED

Vitatress ) Tablets 0.25 mg are available as orange, red and purple chewable tablets imprinted with "151" in 100 tablet bottles.

Vitatress (Vitamin A (Retinol Acetate)) Tablets 0.5 mg are available as orange, red and purple chewable tablets imprinted with "152" in 100 tablet bottles.

Vitatress (Vitamin A (Retinol Acetate)) Tablets 1.0 mg are available as orange, red and purple chewable tablets imprinted with "153" in 100 tablet bottles.

STORAGE

Store at controlled room temperature 20ºC-25ºC (68º-77ºF), excursions permitted between 15º-30ºC (59º-86ºF).

Distributed by:

H2-Pharma, LLC

2010 Berry Chase Place

Montgomery, AL 36117

www.h2-pharma.com

1067084

61269-151-01

MultiVitamin

with Fluoride

Chewable Tablets

Rx

0.25 mg

MultiVitamin and Fluoride Supplement

Dietary Supplement

100 Tablets

H²pharma

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid):

• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacokinetics
• Why is Vitatress ) prescribed?
• Dosage and administration
• Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) side effects, adverse reactions
• Vitatress ) contraindications
• Using during pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Special instructions
• Vitatress ) drug interactions
• Vitatress ) in case of emergency / overdose
• Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) reviews

Pharmacological action

Vitatress ) (vitamin c) is essential for the formation of intracellular collagen, is required to strengthen the structure of teeth, bones, and the capillary walls. Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) participates in redox reactions, the metabolism of tyrosine, converting folic acid into folinic acid, metabolism of carbohydrates, the synthesis of lipids and proteins, iron metabolism, processes of cellular respiration. Reduces the need for vitamins B1, B2, A, E, folic acid, pantothenic acid, enhances the body's resistance to infections; enhances iron absorption, contributing to its sequestration in reduced form. Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) has antioxidant properties.

With intravaginal application of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) lowers the vaginal pH, inhibiting the growth of bacteria and helps to restore and maintain normal pH and vaginal flora (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri).

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Widely distributed in body tissues.

The concentration of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in blood plasma in normal amounts to approximately 10-20 mg / ml.

The concentration of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in white blood cells and platelets is higher than in erythrocytes and plasma. When deficient state of concentration in leucocytes is reduced later and more slowly and is regarded as the best criterion for evaluating the deficit than the concentration in plasma.

Plasma protein binding is about 25%.

Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) is reversibly oxidized to form dehydroascorbic acid, is metabolized with the formation of ascorbate-2-sulphate which is inactive and oxalic acid which is excreted in the urine.

Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) taken in excessive quantities is rapidly excreted unchanged in urine, it usually happens when exceeding a daily dose is 200 mg.

Why is Vitatress ) prescribed?

For systemic use of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) RiteMED Phils: prevention and treatment of hypo- and avitaminosis of vitamin C; providing increased need for vitamin C during growth, pregnancy, lactation, with heavy loads, fatigue and during recovery after prolonged severe illness; in winter with an increased risk of infectious diseases.

For intravaginal use: chronic or recurrent vaginitis (bacterial vaginosis, nonspecific vaginitis) caused by the anaerobic flora (due to changes in pH of the vagina) in order to normalize disturbed vaginal microflora.

Dosage and administration

This medication administered orally, IM, IV, intravaginally.

For the prevention of deficiency conditions Vitatress ) dose is 25-75 mg / day, for the treatment - 250 mg / day or more in divided doses.

For intravaginal used Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) drugs in appropriate dosage forms.

Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) side effects, adverse reactions

CNS: headache, fatigue, insomnia.

Digestive system: stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting.

Allergic reaction: describes a few cases of skin reactions and manifestations of the respiratory system.

Urinary system: when used in high doses - hyperoxaluria and the formation of kidney stones of calcium oxalate.

Local reactions: with intravaginal application - a burning or itching in the vagina, increased mucous discharge, redness, swelling of the vulva. Other: sensation of heat.

Vitatress ) contraindications

Increased sensitivity to Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)).

Using during pregnancy and breastfeeding

The minimum daily requirement of Vitatress ) in the II and III trimester of pregnancy is about 60 mg.

Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) crosses the placental barrier. It should be borne in mind that the fetus can adapt to high doses of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)), which takes a pregnant woman, and then a newborn baby may develop the ascorbic disease as the reaction of cancel. Therefore, during pregnancy should not to take Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in high doses, except in cases where the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk.

The minimum daily requirement during lactation (breastfeeding) is 80 mg. Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) is excreted in breast milk. A mother's diet that contains adequate amounts of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)), is sufficient to prevent deficiency in an infant. It is unknown whether dangerous to the child's mother use of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in high doses. Theoretically it is possible. Therefore, it is recommended not to exceed the maximum daily nursing mother needs to Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)), except when the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk.

Special instructions

Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) is used with caution in patients with hyperoxaluria, renal impairment, a history of instructions on urolithiasis. Because Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) increases iron absorption, its use in high doses can be dangerous in patients with hemochromatosis, thalassemia, polycythemia, leukemia, and sideroblastic anemia.

Patients with high content body iron should apply Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in minimal doses.

Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) is used with caution in patients with deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

The use of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in high doses can cause exacerbation of sickle cell anemia.

Data on the diabetogenic action of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) are contradictory. However, prolonged use of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) should periodically monitor your blood glucose levels.

It is believed that the use of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in patients with rapidly proliferating and widely disseminated tumors may worsen during the process. It should therefore be used with caution in Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in patients with advanced cancer.

Absorption of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) decreased while use of fresh fruit or vegetable juices, alkaline drinking.

Vitatress ) drug interactions

In an application with barbiturates, primidone increases the excretion of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in the urine.

With the simultaneous use of oral contraceptives reduces the concentration of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in blood plasma.

In an application of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) with iron preparations Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)), due to its regenerative properties, transforms ferric iron in the bivalent, which improves its absorption.

Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in high doses can decrease urine pH that while the application reduces the tubular reabsorption of amphetamine and tricyclic antidepressants.

With the simultaneous use of aspirin reduces the absorption of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) by about a third.

Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in an application with warfarin may decrease effects of warfarin.

With the simultaneous application of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) increases the excretion of iron in patients receiving deferoxamine. In the application of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) at a dose of 500 mg / day possibly left ventricular dysfunction.

In an application with tetracycline is increased excretion of Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) in the urine.

There is a described case of reducing the concentration of fluphenazine in plasma in patients treated with Vitatress (Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)) 500 mg 2 times / day.

May increase the concentration of ethinyl estradiol in the blood plasma in its simultaneous application in the oral contraceptives.

Vitatress ) in case of emergency / overdose

Symptoms: long-term use of large doses (more than 1 g) - headache, increased CNS excitability, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastritis giperatsidnyh, ultseratsiya gastrointestinal mucosa, inhibition of the function insular apparatus of the pancreas (hyperglycemia, glycosuria), hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis (calcium oxalate), damage to the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys, moderate thamuria (when receiving a dose of 600 mg / day).

Decrease capillary permeability (possibly deteriorating trophic tissues, increased blood pressure, hypercoagulability, the development of microangiopathy).

When IV administration in high doses - the threat of termination of pregnancy (due to estrogenemia), hemolysis of red blood cells.

Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate):

• Vitatress (Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate)) reviews

Indication: Vitatress (Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate)), known for its antioxidant activities, is protective against cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer and has also demonstrated immune-enhancing effects. It may be of limited benefit in some with asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. It may be helpful in some neurological diseases including Alzheimer's, some eye disorders including cataracts, and diabetes and premenstrual syndrome. It may also help protect skin from ultraviolet irradiation although claims that it reverses skin aging, enhances male fertility and exercise performance are poorly supported. It may help relieve some muscle cramps.

Vitatress (Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate)) has antioxidant activity. It may also have anti-atherogenic, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, neuroprotective, antiviral, immunomodulatory, cell membrane-stabilizing and antiproliferative actions. Vitatress (Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate)) is a collective term used to describe eight separate forms, the best-known form being alpha-tocopherol. Vitatress (Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate)) is a fat-soluble vitamin and is an important antioxidant. It acts to protect cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of the body's metabolism. Vitatress (Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate)) is often used in skin creams and lotions because it is believed to play a role in encouraging skin healing and reducing scarring after injuries such as burns. There are three specific situations when a Vitatress (Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate)) deficiency is likely to occur. It is seen in persons who cannot absorb dietary fat, has been found in premature, very low birth weight infants (birth weights less than 1500 grams, or 3½ pounds), and is seen in individuals with rare disorders of fat metabolism. A Vitatress (Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate)) deficiency is usually characterized by neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction. Symptoms may include infertility, neuromuscular impairment, menstrual problems, miscarriage and uterine degradation. Preliminary research has led to a widely held belief that Vitatress (Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate)) may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease. Antioxidants such as Vitatress (Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate)) help protect against the damaging effects of free radicals, which may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer. It also protects other fat-soluble vitamins (A and B group vitamins) from destruction by oxygen. Low levels of Vitatress (Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol Acetate)) have been linked to increased incidence of breast and colon cancer.