Tazocin EF

Piperacillin Sodium:

• Indications and usage
• Dosage and administration
• Dosage forms and strengths
• Contraindications
• Warnings and precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Drug interactions
• Use in specific populations
• Overdosage
• Description
• Clinical pharmacology
• Nonclinical toxicology
• References
• How supplied/storage and handling
• Patient counseling information
• Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) reviews

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Tazocin EF is a combination product consisting of a penicillin-class antibacterial, Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium), and a β-lactamase inhibitor, tazobactam, indicated for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe infections caused by susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria in the conditions listed below.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is a combination penicillin-class antibacterial and β-lactamase inhibitor indicated for treatment of:

• Intra-abdominal infections (1.1)
• Skin and skin structure infections (1.2)
• Female pelvic infections (1.3)
• Community-acquired pneumonia (1.4)
• Nosocomial pneumonia (1.5)
• Usage (1.6)

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and other antibacterial drugs, Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.(1.6)

1.1 Intra-abdominal Infections

Appendicitis (complicated by rupture or abscess) and peritonitis caused by β-lactamase producing isolates of Escherichia coli or the following members of the Bacteroides fragilis group: B. fragilis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, or B. vulgatus. The individual members of this group were studied in fewer than 10 cases.

1.2 Skin and Skin Structure Infections

Uncomplicated and complicated skin and skin structure infections, including cellulitis, cutaneous abscesses and ischemic/diabetic foot infections caused by β-lactamase producing isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.

1.3 Female Pelvic Infections

Postpartum endometritis or pelvic inflammatory disease caused by β-lactamase producing isolates of Escherichia coli.

1.4 Community-acquired Pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia caused by β-lactamase producing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae.

1.5 Nosocomial Pneumonia

Nosocomial pneumonia (moderate to severe) caused by β-lactamase producing isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and by piperacillin/tazobactam-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Nosocomial pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa should be treated in combination with an aminoglycoside) [see Dosage and Administration (2) ].

1.6 Usage

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and other antibacterial drugs, Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Tazocin EF should be administered by intravenous infusion over 30 minutes.

• The usual daily dose of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) for adults is 3.375 g every six hours totaling 13.5 g (12.0 g piperacillin/1.5 g tazobactam) (2.1)
• Initial presumptive treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia should start with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) at a dosage of 4.5 g every six hours plus an aminoglycoside, totaling 18.0 g (16.0 g piperacillin/2.0 g tazobactam). (2.2)
• Dosage in patients with renal impairment (≤40 mL/min of CRCL) and dialysis patients should be reduced, based on the degree of actual renal function impairment. (2.3)
• For children with appendicitis and/or peritonitis the recommended Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) dosage is 100 mg piperacillin/12.5 mg tazobactam per kilogram of body weight, every 8 hours in pediatric patients 9 months of age and older. For pediatric patients 2 to 9 months of age, the recommended dosage is 80 mg piperacillin/10 mg tazobactam per kilogram of body weight, every 8 hours.(2.4)
• Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and aminoglycosides should be reconstituted, diluted, and administered separately. Co-administration via Y-site can be done under certain conditions. (2.7)

2.1 Adult Patients

The usual total daily dose of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) for adults is 3.375 g every six hours totaling 13.5 g (12.0 g piperacillin/1.5 g tazobactam). The usual duration of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) treatment is from 7 to 10 days.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should be administered by intravenous infusion over 30 minutes.

2.2 Nosocomial Pneumonia

Initial presumptive treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia should start with Tazocin EF at a dosage of 4.5 g every six hours plus an aminoglycoside, totaling 18.0 g (16.0 g piperacillin/2.0 g tazobactam). The recommended duration of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) treatment for nosocomial pneumonia is 7 to 14 days. Treatment with the aminoglycoside should be continued in patients from whom P. aeruginosa is isolated.

2.3 Renal Impairment

In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≤ 40 mL/min) and dialysis patients (hemodialysis and CAPD), the intravenous dose of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should be reduced to the degree of actual renal function impairment. The recommended daily doses of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) for patients with renal impairment are as follows:

For patients on hemodialysis, the maximum dose is 2.25 g every twelve hours for all indications other than nosocomial pneumonia and 2.25 g every eight hours for nosocomial pneumonia. Since hemodialysis removes 30% to 40% of the administered dose, an additional dose of 0.75 g Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) (0.67 g piperacillin/0.08 g tazobactam) should be administered following each dialysis period on hemodialysis days. No additional dosage of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is necessary for CAPD patients.

2.4 Pediatric Patients

For children with appendicitis and/or peritonitis 9 months of age or older, weighing up to 40 kg, and with normal renal function, the recommended Tazocin EF dosage is 100 mg piperacillin/12.5 mg tazobactam per kilogram of body weight, every 8 hours. For pediatric patients between 2 months and 9 months of age, the recommended Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) dosage based on pharmacokinetic modeling, is 80 mg piperacillin/10 mg tazobactam per kilogram of body weight, every 8 hours [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Pediatric patients weighing over 40 kg and with normal renal function should receive the adult dose.

It has not been determined how to adjust Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) dosage in pediatric patients with renal impairment.

2.5 Reconstitution and Dilution of Powder Formulations

Pharmacy bulk vials

Reconstituted stock solution must be transferred and further diluted for intravenous infusion.

The pharmacy bulk vial is for use in a hospital pharmacy admixture service only under a laminar flow hood. After reconstitution, entry into the vial must be made with a sterile transfer set or other sterile dispensing device, and contents should be dispensed as aliquots into intravenous solution using aseptic technique. Use entire contents of pharmacy bulk vial promptly. Discard unused portion after 24 hours if stored at room temperature (20°C to 25°C [68°F to 77°F]), or after 48 hours if stored at refrigerated temperature (2°C to 8°C [36°F to 46°F]).

Reconstitute the pharmacy bulk vial with exactly 152 mL of a compatible reconstitution diluent, listed below, to a concentration of 200 mg/mL of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and 25 mg/mL of tazobactam. Shake well until dissolved. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to and during administration whenever solution and container permit.

Single dose vials

Reconstitute Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) vials with a compatible reconstitution diluent from the list provided below.

2.25 g, 3.375 g, and 4.5 g Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should be reconstituted with 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL, respectively. Swirl until dissolved.

Compatible Reconstitution Diluents for Pharmacy and Single Dose Vials

0.9% sodium chloride for injection

Sterile water for injection

Dextrose 5%

Bacteriostatic saline/parabens

Bacteriostatic water/parabens

Bacteriostatic saline/benzyl alcohol

Bacteriostatic water/benzyl alcohol

Reconstituted Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) solutions for both bulk and single dose vials should be further diluted (recommended volume per dose of 50 mL to 150 mL) in a compatible intravenous solution listed below. Administer by infusion over a period of at least 30 minutes. During the infusion it is desirable to discontinue the primary infusion solution.

Compatible Intravenous Solutions for Pharmacy and Single Dose Vials

0.9% sodium chloride for injection

sterile water for injectionMaximum recommended volume per dose of sterile water for injection is 50 mL.

Dextran 6% in saline

Dextrose 5%

Lactated Ringer's Solution (compatible only with reformulated Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) containing EDTA and is compatible for co-administration via a Y-site)

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should not be mixed with other drugs in a syringe or infusion bottle since compatibility has not been established.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is not chemically stable in solutions that contain only sodium bicarbonate and solutions that significantly alter the pH.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should not be added to blood products or albumin hydrolysates. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter or discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.

Stability of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) Powder Formulations Following Reconstitution

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) reconstituted from bulk and single vials is stable in glass and plastic containers (plastic syringes, I.V. bags and tubing) when used with compatible diluents. The pharmacy bulk vial should NOT be frozen after reconstitution. Discard unused portions after storage for 24 hours at room temperature or after storage for 48 hours at refrigerated temperature (2°C to 8°C [36°F to 46°F]).

Single dose or pharmacy vials should be used immediately after reconstitution. Discard any unused portion after 24 hours if stored at room temperature (20°C to 25°C [68°F to 77°F]), or after 48 hours if stored at refrigerated temperature (2°C to 8°C [36°F to 46°F]). Vials should not be frozen after reconstitution.

Stability studies in the I.V. bags have demonstrated chemical stability (potency, pH of reconstituted solution and clarity of solution) for up to 24 hours at room temperature and up to one week at refrigerated temperature. Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) contains no preservatives. Appropriate consideration of aseptic technique should be used.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) reconstituted from bulk and single vials can be used in ambulatory intravenous infusion pumps. Stability of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) in an ambulatory intravenous infusion pump has been demonstrated for a period of 12 hours at room temperature. Each dose was reconstituted and diluted to a volume of 37.5 mL or 25 mL. One-day supplies of dosing solution were aseptically transferred into the medication reservoir (I.V. bags or cartridge). The reservoir was fitted to a preprogrammed ambulatory intravenous infusion pump per the manufacturer's instructions. Stability of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is not affected when administered using an ambulatory intravenous infusion pump.

2.6 Directions for Use of Tazocin EF in GALAXY Containers

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) Injection is to be administered using sterile equipment, after thawing to room temperature.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) containing EDTA is compatible for co-administration via a Y-site intravenous tube with Lactated Ringer's injection, USP.

Do not add supplementary medication.

Unused portions of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should be discarded.

CAUTION: Do not use plastic containers in series connections. Such use could result in air embolism due to residual air being drawn from the primary container before administration of the fluid from the secondary container is complete.

Thawing of Plastic Container

Thaw frozen container at room temperature 20°C to 25°C [68°F to 77°F] or under refrigeration (2°C to 8°C [36°F to 46°F]). Do not force thaw by immersion in water baths or by microwave irradiation.

Check for minute leaks by squeezing container firmly. If leaks are detected, discard solution as sterility may be impaired.

The container should be visually inspected. Components of the solution may precipitate in the frozen state and will dissolve upon reaching room temperature with little or no agitation. Potency is not affected. Agitate after solution has reached room temperature. If after visual inspection, the solution remains cloudy or if an insoluble precipitate is noted or if any seals or outlet ports are not intact, the container should be discarded.

Administer by infusion over a period of at least 30 minutes. During the infusion it is desirable to discontinue the primary infusion solution.

Storage

Store in a freezer capable of maintaining a temperature of -20°C (-4°F).

For GALAXY containers, the thawed solution is stable for 14 days under refrigeration (2°C to 8°C [36°F to 46°F]) or 24 hours at room temperature 20°C to 25°C [68°F to 77°F]. Do not refreeze thawed Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium).

2.7 Compatibility with Aminoglycosides

Due to the in vitro inactivation of aminoglycosides by Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium), Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and aminoglycosides are recommended for separate administration. Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and aminoglycosides should be reconstituted, diluted, and administered separately when concomitant therapy with aminoglycosides is indicated [see Drug Interactions (7.1) ].

In circumstances where co-administration via Y-site is necessary, Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) formulations containing EDTA are compatible for simultaneous co-administration via Y-site infusion only with the following aminoglycosides under the following conditions:

Only the concentration and diluents for amikacin or gentamicin with the dosages of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) listed above have been established as compatible for co-administration via Y-site infusion. Simultaneous co-administration via Y-site infusion in any manner other than listed above may result in inactivation of the aminoglycoside by Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium).

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is not compatible with tobramycin for simultaneous co-administration via Y-site infusion. Compatibility of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) with other aminoglycosides has not been established.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium)^® (piperacillin and tazobactam) for Injection is supplied as a white to off-white powder in vials of the following sizes:

Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 2.25 g vial provides Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 2 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.25 g of tazobactam.

Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 3.375 g vial provides Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 3 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.375 g of tazobactam.

Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 4.5 g vial provides Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 4 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.5 g of tazobactam.

Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 40.5 g pharmacy bulk vial contains Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 36 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 4.5 grams tazobactam.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium)^® (piperacillin and tazobactam) Injection is supplied in GALAXY Containers as a frozen, iso-osmotic, sterile, non-pyrogenic solution in single-dose plastic containers:

2.25 g (piperacillin sodium equivalent to 2 g piperacillin/tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.25 g tazobactam) in 50 mL.

3.375 g (piperacillin sodium equivalent to 3 g piperacillin/tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.375 g tazobactam) in 50 mL.

4.5 g (piperacillin sodium equivalent to 4 g piperacillin/tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.5 g tazobactam) in 100 mL.

• Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium)^® for Injection: 2.25 g, 3.375 g, and 4.5 g lyophilized powder for reconstitution in single-dose vials and 40.5 g lyophilized powder for reconstitution in pharmacy bulk vials. (3)
• Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium)^® Injection: 2.25 g in 50 mL, 3.375 g in 50 mL, and 4.5 g in 100 mL frozen solution in single-dose GALAXY containers.(3, 16)

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is contraindicated in patients with a history of allergic reactions to any of the penicillins, cephalosporins, or β-lactamase inhibitors.

Patients with a history of allergic reactions to any of the penicillins, cephalosporins, or β-lactamase inhibitors. (4)

5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

• Serious hypersensitivity reactions reactionshave been reported in patients receiving Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium). Discontinue Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) if a reaction occurs. (5.1)
• Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) may cause severe cutaneous adverse reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (5.2). Discontinue Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) for progressive rashes.
• Hematological effects (including bleeding, leukopenia and neutropenia) have occurred. Monitor hematologic tests during prolonged therapy. (5.3)
• Nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients has been observed; the use of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) was found to be an independent risk factor for renal failure and was associated with delayed recovery of renal function as compared to other beta-lactam antibacterial drugs in a randomized, multicenter, controlled trial in critically ill patients. Based on this study, alternative treatment options should be considered in the critically ill population. If alternative treatment options are inadequate or unavailable, monitor renal function during treatment with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium). (5.5)
• Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea: evaluate patients if diarrhea occurs. (5.7)

5.1 Hypersensitivity Adverse Reactions

Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic/anaphylactoid) reactions (including shock) have been reported in patients receiving therapy with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium). These reactions are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of penicillin, cephalosporin, or carbapenem hypersensitivity or a history of sensitivity to multiple allergens. Before initiating therapy with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium), careful inquiry should be made concerning previous hypersensitivity reactions. If an allergic reaction occurs, Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.

5.2 Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions

Tazocin EF may cause severe cutaneous adverse reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. If patients develop a skin rash they should be monitored closely and Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) discontinued if lesions progress.

5.3 Hematologic Adverse Reactions

Bleeding manifestations have occurred in some patients receiving β-lactam drugs, including Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium). These reactions have sometimes been associated with abnormalities of coagulation tests such as clotting time, platelet aggregation and prothrombin time, and are more likely to occur in patients with renal failure. If bleeding manifestations occur, Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.

The leukopenia/neutropenia associated with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) administration appears to be reversible and most frequently associated with prolonged administration.

Periodic assessment of hematopoietic function should be performed, especially with prolonged therapy, ie, ≥ 21 days [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ].

5.4 Central Nervous System Adverse Reactions

As with other penicillins, patients may experience neuromuscular excitability or convulsions if higher than recommended doses are given intravenously.

5.5 Nephrotoxicity in Critically Ill Patients

The use of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) was found to be an independent risk factor for renal failure and was associated with delayed recovery of renal function as compared to other beta-lactam antibacterial drugs in a randomized, multicenter, controlled trial in critically ill patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]. Based on this study, alternative treatment options should be considered in the critically ill population. If alternative treatment options are inadequate or unavailable, monitor renal function during treatment with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ].

Combined use of piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin may be associated with an increased incidence of acute kidney injury [see Drug Interactions (7.3) ].

5.6 Electrolyte Effects

Tazocin EF contains a total of 2.84 mEq (65 mg) of Na⁺ (sodium) per gram of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) in the combination product. This should be considered when treating patients requiring restricted salt intake. Periodic electrolyte determinations should be performed in patients with low potassium reserves, and the possibility of hypokalemia should be kept in mind with patients who have potentially low potassium reserves and who are receiving cytotoxic therapy or diuretics.

5.7 Clostridium difficile Associated Diarrhea

Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium), and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.

C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial drug use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.

If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial drug use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.

5.8 Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria

Prescribing Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of development of drug-resistant bacteria.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

The most common adverse reactions are diarrhea, constipation, nausea, headache and insomnia. (6.1)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Pfizer Inc. at 1-800-438-1985 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

During the initial clinical investigations, 2621 patients worldwide were treated with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) in phase 3 trials. In the key North American monotherapy clinical trials (n=830 patients), 90% of the adverse events reported were mild to moderate in severity and transient in nature. However, in 3.2% of the patients treated worldwide, Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) was discontinued because of adverse events primarily involving the skin (1.3%), including rash and pruritus; the gastrointestinal system (0.9%), including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting; and allergic reactions (0.5%).

Nosocomial Pneumonia Trials

Two trials of nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections were conducted. In one study, 222 patients were treated with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) in a dosing regimen of 4.5 g every 6 hours in combination with an aminoglycoside and 215 patients were treated with imipenem/cilastatin (500 mg/500 mg q6h) in combination with an aminoglycoside. In this trial, treatment-emergent adverse events were reported by 402 patients, 204 (91.9%) in the piperacillin/tazobactam group and 198 (92.1%) in the imipenem/cilastatin group. Twenty-five (11.0%) patients in the piperacillin/tazobactam group and 14 (6.5%) in the imipenem/cilastatin group (p > 0.05) discontinued treatment due to an adverse event.

The second trial used a dosing regimen of 3.375 g given every 4 hours with an aminoglycoside.

Other trials: Nephrotoxicity

In a randomized, multicenter, controlled trial in 1200 adult critically ill patients, piperacillin/tazobactam was found to be a risk factor for renal failure (odds ratio 1.7, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.43), and associated with delayed recovery of renal function as compared to other beta-lactam antibacterial drugs.¹ [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ].

Pediatrics

Studies of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) in pediatric patients suggest a similar safety profile to that seen in adults. In a prospective, randomized, comparative, open-label clinical trial of pediatric patients with severe intra-abdominal infections (including appendicitis and/or peritonitis), 273 patients were treated with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) (112.5 mg/kg every 8 hours) and 269 patients were treated with cefotaxime (50 mg/kg) plus metronidazole (7.5 mg/kg) every 8 hours. In this trial, treatment-emergent adverse events were reported by 146 patients, 73 (26.7%) in the Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) group and 73 (27.1%) in the cefotaxime/metronidazole group. Six patients (2.2%) in the Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) group and 5 patients (1.9%) in the cefotaxime/metronidazole group discontinued due to an adverse event.

Adverse Laboratory Events (Seen During Clinical Trials)

Of the trials reported, including that of nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections in which a higher dose of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) was used in combination with an aminoglycoside, changes in laboratory parameters include:

Hematologic-decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit, thrombocytopenia, increases in platelet count, eosinophilia, leukopenia, neutropenia. These patients were withdrawn from therapy; some had accompanying systemic symptoms (e.g., fever, rigors, chills)

Coagulation-positive direct Coombs' test, prolonged prothrombin time, prolonged partial thromboplastin time

Hepatic-transient elevations of AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin

Renal-increases in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen

Additional laboratory events include abnormalities in electrolytes (i.e., increases and decreases in sodium, potassium, and calcium), hyperglycemia, decreases in total protein or albumin, blood glucose decreased, gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, hypokalemia, and bleeding time prolonged.

6.2 Post-Marketing Experience

In addition to the adverse drug reactions identified in clinical trials in Table 3 and Table 4, the following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Tazocin EF. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Hepatobiliary-hepatitis, jaundice

Hematologic-hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis, pancytopenia

Immune-hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions (including shock)

Renal-interstitial nephritis

Respiratory-eosinophilic pneumonia

Skin and Appendages-erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, (DRESS), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), dermatitis exfoliative

6.3 Additional Experience with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium)

The following adverse reaction has also been reported for Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) for injection:

Skeletal-prolonged muscle relaxation [see Drug Interactions (7.5) ].

Post-marketing experience with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) in pediatric patients suggests a similar safety profile to that seen in adults.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

• Tazocin EF administration can significantly reduce tobramycin concentrations in hemodialysis patients. Monitor tobramycin concentrations in these patients. (7.1)
• Probenecid prolongs the half-lives of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam and should not be co-administered with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) unless the benefit outweighs the risk. (7.2)
• Co-administration of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) with vancomycin may increase the incidence of acute kidney injury. Monitor kidney function in patients receiving Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and vancomycin. (7.3)
• Monitor coagulation parameters in patients receiving Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and heparin or oral anticoagulants. (7.4)
• Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) may prolong the neuromuscular blockade of vecuronium and other non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. Monitor for adverse reactions related to neuromuscular blockade (7.5)

7.1 Aminoglycosides

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) may inactivate aminoglycosides by converting them to microbiologically inert amides.

In vivo inactivation:

When aminoglycosides are administered in conjunction with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) to patients with end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis, the concentrations of the aminoglycosides (especially tobramycin) may be significantly reduced and should be monitored.

Sequential administration of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tobramycin to patients with either normal renal function or mild to moderate renal impairment has been shown to modestly decrease serum concentrations of tobramycin but no dosage adjustment is considered necessary.

In vitro inactivation:

Due to the in vitro inactivation of aminoglycosides by Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium), Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and aminoglycosides are recommended for separate administration. Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and aminoglycosides should be reconstituted, diluted, and administered separately when concomitant therapy with aminoglycosides is indicated. Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium), which contains EDTA, is compatible with amikacin and gentamicin for simultaneous Y-site infusion in certain diluents and at specific concentrations. Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is not compatible with tobramycin for simultaneous Y-site infusion [see Dosage and Administration (2.7) ].

7.2 Probenecid

Probenecid administered concomitantly with Tazocin EF prolongs the half-life of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) by 21% and that of tazobactam by 71% because probenecid inhibits tubular renal secretion of both Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam. Probenecid should not be co-administered with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) unless the benefit outweighs the risk.

7.3 Vancomycin

Studies have detected an increased incidence of acute kidney injury in patients concomitantly administered piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin as compared to vancomycin alone [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ].

Monitor kidney function in patients concomitantly administered with piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin.

No pharmacokinetic interactions have been noted between piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin.

7.4 Anticoagulants

Coagulation parameters should be tested more frequently and monitored regularly during simultaneous administration of high doses of heparin, oral anticoagulants, or other drugs that may affect the blood coagulation system or the thrombocyte function [see Warnings and Precautions ].

7.5 Vecuronium

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) when used concomitantly with vecuronium has been implicated in the prolongation of the neuromuscular blockade of vecuronium. Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) could produce the same phenomenon if given along with vecuronium. Due to their similar mechanism of action, it is expected that the neuromuscular blockade produced by any of the non-depolarizing muscle relaxants could be prolonged in the presence of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium). Monitor for adverse reactions related to neuromuscular blockade.

7.6 Methotrexate

Limited data suggests that co-administration of methotrexate and Tazocin EF may reduce the clearance of methotrexate due to competition for renal secretion. The impact of tazobactam on the elimination of methotrexate has not been evaluated. If concurrent therapy is necessary, serum concentrations of methotrexate as well as the signs and symptoms of methotrexate toxicity should be frequently monitored.

7.7 Effects on Laboratory Tests

There have been reports of positive test results using the Bio-Rad Laboratories Platelia Aspergillus EIA test in patients receiving piperacillin/tazobactam injection who were subsequently found to be free of Aspergillus infection. Cross-reactions with non-Aspergillus polysaccharides and polyfuranoses with the Bio-Rad Laboratories Platelia Aspergillus EIA test have been reported. Therefore, positive test results in patients receiving piperacillin/tazobactam should be interpreted cautiously and confirmed by other diagnostic methods.

As with other penicillins, the administration of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) may result in a false-positive reaction for glucose in the urine using a copper-reduction method (CLINITEST^®). It is recommended that glucose tests based on enzymatic glucose oxidase reactions be used.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

Dosage in patients with renal impairment should be reduced to the degree of actual renal function impairment. (2.3, 8.6)

8.1 Pregnancy

Risk Summary

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam cross the placenta in humans. However, there are insufficient data with Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and/or tazobactam in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. No fetal structural abnormalities were observed in rats or mice when piperacillin/tazobactam was administered intravenously during organogenesis at doses 1 to 2 times and 2 to 3 times the human dose of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam, respectively, based on body-surface area (mg/m²). However, fetotoxicity in the presence of maternal toxicity was observed in developmental toxicity and peri/postnatal studies conducted in rats (intraperitoneal administration prior to mating and throughout gestation or from gestation day 17 through lactation day 21) at doses less than the maximum recommended human daily dose based on body-surface area (mg/m²) [see Data ].

The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2–4% and 15–20%, respectively.

Data

Animal Data

In embryo-fetal development studies in mice and rats, pregnant animals received intravenous doses of piperacillin/tazobactam up to 3000/750 mg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis. There was no evidence of teratogenicity up to the highest dose evaluated, which is 1 to 2 times and 2 to 3 times the human dose of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam, in mice and rats respectively, based on body-surface area (mg/m²). Fetal body weights were reduced in rats at maternally toxic doses at or above 500/62.5 mg/kg/day, minimally representing 0.4 times the human dose of both Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam based on body-surface area (mg/m²).

A fertility and general reproduction study in rats using intraperitoneal administration of tazobactam or the combination piperacillin/tazobactam prior to mating and through the end of gestation, reported a decrease in litter size in the presence of maternal toxicity at 640 mg/kg/day tazobactam (4 times the human dose of tazobactam based on body-surface area), and decreased litter size and an increase in fetuses with ossification delays and variations of ribs, concurrent with maternal toxicity at ≥640/160 mg/kg/day piperacillin/tazobactam (0.5 times and 1 times the human dose of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam, respectively, based on body-surface area).

Peri/postnatal development in rats was impaired with reduced pup weights, increased stillbirths, and increased pup mortality concurrent with maternal toxicity after intraperitoneal administration of tazobactam alone at doses ≥320 mg/kg/day (2 times the human dose based on body surface area) or of the combination piperacillin/tazobactam at doses ≥640/160 mg/kg/day (0.5 times and 1 times the human dose of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam, respectively, based on body-surface area) from gestation day 17 through lactation day 21.

8.2 Lactation

Risk Summary

Tazocin EF is excreted in human milk; tazobactam concentrations in human milk have not been studied. No information is available on the effects of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam on the breast-fed child or on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) or from the underlying maternal condition.

8.4 Pediatric Use

Use of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) in pediatric patients 2 months of age or older with appendicitis and/or peritonitis is supported by evidence from well-controlled studies and pharmacokinetic studies in adults and in pediatric patients. This includes a prospective, randomized, comparative, open-label clinical trial with 542 pediatric patients 2–12 years of age with complicated intra-abdominal infections, in which 273 pediatric patients received piperacillin/tazobactam. Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients less than 2 months of age have not been established [see Clinical Pharmacology (12) and Dosage and Administration (2) ].

It has not been determined how to adjust Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) dosage in pediatric patients with renal impairment.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Patients over 65 years are not at an increased risk of developing adverse effects solely because of age. However, dosage should be adjusted in the presence of renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration ].

In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) contains 65 mg (2.84 mEq) of sodium per gram of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) in the combination product. At the usual recommended doses, patients would receive between 780 and 1040 mg/day (34.1 and 45.5 mEq) of sodium. The geriatric population may respond with a blunted natriuresis to salt loading. This may be clinically important with regard to such diseases as congestive heart failure.

This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

8.6 Renal Impairment

In patients with creatinine clearance ≤ 40 mL/min and dialysis patients (hemodialysis and CAPD), the intravenous dose of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should be reduced to the degree of renal function impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2) ].

8.7 Hepatic Impairment

Dosage adjustment of Tazocin EF is not warranted in patients with hepatic cirrhosis [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

8.8 Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

As with other semisynthetic penicillins, Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) therapy has been associated with an increased incidence of fever and rash in cystic fibrosis patients.

10 OVERDOSAGE

There have been postmarketing reports of overdose with piperacillin/tazobactam. The majority of those events experienced, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, have also been reported with the usual recommended dosages. Patients may experience neuromuscular excitability or convulsions if higher than recommended doses are given intravenously (particularly in the presence of renal failure) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ].

Treatment should be supportive and symptomatic according the patient's clinical presentation. Excessive serum concentrations of either Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) or tazobactam may be reduced by hemodialysis. Following a single 3.375 g dose of piperacillin/tazobactam, the percentage of the Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam dose removed by hemodialysis was approximately 31% and 39%, respectively [see Clinical Pharmacology (12) ].

11 DESCRIPTION

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) (piperacillin and tazobactam) for Injection and Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) (piperacillin and tazobactam) Injection are injectable antibacterial combination products consisting of the semisynthetic antibacterial Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium and the β-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam sodium for intravenous administration.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium is derived from D(-)-α-aminobenzyl-penicillin. The chemical name of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium is sodium (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(R)-2-(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazine-carboxamido)-2-phenylacetamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate. The chemical formula is C₂₃H₂₆N₅NaO₇S and the molecular weight is 539.5. The chemical structure of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium is:

Tazobactam sodium, a derivative of the penicillin nucleus, is a penicillanic acid sulfone. Its chemical name is sodium (2S,3S,5R)-3-methyl-7-oxo-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate-4,4-dioxide. The chemical formula is C₁₀H₁₁N₄NaO₅S and the molecular weight is 322.3. The chemical structure of tazobactam sodium is:

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) (piperacillin and tazobactam) for Injection, is a white to off-white sterile, cryodesiccated powder consisting of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam as their sodium salts packaged in glass vials. The formulation also contains edetate disodium dihydrate (EDTA) and sodium citrate.

Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 2.25 g single dose vial contains an amount of drug sufficient for withdrawal of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 2 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.25 g of tazobactam. The product also contains 0.5 mg of EDTA per vial.

Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 3.375 g single dose vial contains an amount of drug sufficient for withdrawal of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 3 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.375 g of tazobactam. The product also contains 0.75 mg of EDTA per vial.

Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 4.5 g single dose vial contains an amount of drug sufficient for withdrawal of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 4 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.5 g of tazobactam. The product also contains 1 mg of EDTA per vial.

Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 40.5 g pharmacy bulk vial contains Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 36 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 4.5 g of tazobactam sufficient for delivery of multiple doses.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) Injection in the GALAXY Container is a frozen iso-osmotic sterile non-pyrogenic premixed solution. The components and dosage formulations are given in the table below:

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) contains a total of 2.84 mEq (65 mg) of sodium (Na⁺) per gram of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) in the combination product.

Chemical Structure Chemical Structure

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Tazocin EF is an antibacterial drug [see Microbiology (12.4) ].

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic parameter for piperacillin/tazobactam that is most predictive of clinical and microbiological efficacy is time above MIC.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

The mean and coefficients of variation for the pharmacokinetic parameters of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam after multiple intravenous doses are summarized in Table 6.

Peak plasma concentrations of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam are attained immediately after completion of an intravenous infusion of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium). Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) plasma concentrations, following a 30-minute infusion of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium), were similar to those attained when equivalent doses of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) were administered alone. Steady-state plasma concentrations of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam were similar to those attained after the first dose due to the short half-lives of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam.

Distribution

Both Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam are approximately 30% bound to plasma proteins. The protein binding of either Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) or tazobactam is unaffected by the presence of the other compound. Protein binding of the tazobactam metabolite is negligible.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam are widely distributed into tissues and body fluids including intestinal mucosa, gallbladder, lung, female reproductive tissues (uterus, ovary, and fallopian tube), interstitial fluid, and bile. Mean tissue concentrations are generally 50% to 100% of those in plasma. Distribution of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam into cerebrospinal fluid is low in subjects with non-inflamed meninges, as with other penicillins.

Metabolism

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is metabolized to a minor microbiologically active desethyl metabolite. Tazobactam is metabolized to a single metabolite that lacks pharmacological and antibacterial activities.

Excretion

Following single or multiple Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) doses to healthy subjects, the plasma half-life of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and of tazobactam ranged from 0.7 to 1.2 hours and was unaffected by dose or duration of infusion.

Both Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam are eliminated via the kidney by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is excreted rapidly as unchanged drug with 68% of the administered dose excreted in the urine. Tazobactam and its metabolite are eliminated primarily by renal excretion with 80% of the administered dose excreted as unchanged drug and the remainder as the single metabolite. Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium), tazobactam and desethyl Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) are also secreted into the bile.

Specific Populations

Renal Impairment

After the administration of single doses of piperacillin/tazobactam to subjects with renal impairment, the half-life of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and of tazobactam increases with decreasing creatinine clearance. At creatinine clearance below 20 mL/min, the increase in half-life is twofold for Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and fourfold for tazobactam compared to subjects with normal renal function. Dosage adjustments for Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) are recommended when creatinine clearance is below 40 mL/min in patients receiving the usual recommended daily dose of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium). See Dosage and Administration (2) for specific recommendations for the treatment of patients with renal -impairment.

Hemodialysis removes 30% to 40% of a piperacillin/tazobactam dose with an additional 5% of the tazobactam dose removed as the tazobactam metabolite. Peritoneal dialysis removes approximately 6% and 21% of the Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam doses, respectively, with up to 16% of the tazobactam dose removed as the tazobactam metabolite. For dosage recommendations for patients undergoing hemodialysis [see Dosage and Administration (2) ].

Hepatic Impairment

The half-life of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and of tazobactam increases by approximately 25% and 18%, respectively, in patients with hepatic cirrhosis compared to healthy subjects. However, this difference does not warrant dosage adjustment of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) due to hepatic cirrhosis.

Pediatrics

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam pharmacokinetics were studied in pediatric patients 2 months of age and older. The clearance of both compounds is slower in the younger patients compared to older children and adults.

In a population PK analysis, estimated clearance for 9 month-old to 12 year-old patients was comparable to adults, with a population mean (SE) value of 5.64 (0.34) mL/min/kg. The Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) clearance estimate is 80% of this value for pediatric patients 2 – 9 months old. In patients younger than 2 months of age, clearance of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is slower compared to older children; however, it is not adequately characterized for dosing recommendations. The population mean (SE) for Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) distribution volume is 0.243 (0.011) L/kg and is independent of age.

Geriatrics

The impact of age on the pharmacokinetics of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam was evaluated in healthy male subjects, aged 18 – 35 years (n=6) and aged 65 to 80 years (n=12). Mean half-life for piperacilln and tazobactam was 32% and 55% higher, respectively, in the elderly compared to the younger subjects. This difference may be due to age-related changes in creatinine clearance.

Race

The effect of race on Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam was evaluated in healthy male volunteers. No difference in Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) or tazobactam pharmacokinetics was observed between Asian (n=9) and Caucasian (n=9) healthy volunteers who received single 4/0.5 g doses.

Drug Interactions

The potential for pharmacokinetic drug interactions between Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and aminoglycosides, probenecid, vancomycin, heparin, vecuronium, and methotrexate has been evaluated [see Drug Interactions (7) ].

12.4 Microbiology

Mechanism of Action

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium exerts bactericidal activity by inhibiting septum formation and cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. In vitro, Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is active against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Tazobactam sodium has little clinically relevant in vitro activity against bacteria due to its reduced affinity to penicillin-binding proteins. It is, however, a β-lactamase inhibitor of the Molecular class A enzymes, including Richmond-Sykes class III (Bush class 2b & 2b') penicillinases and cephalosporinases. It varies in its ability to inhibit class II and IV (2a & 4) penicillinases. Tazobactam does not induce chromosomally-mediated β-lactamases at tazobactam concentrations achieved with the recommended dosage regimen.

Spectrum of Activity

Piperacillin/tazobactam has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms both in vitro and in clinical infections [see Indications and Usage (1) ].

Gram-positive bacteria:

Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible isolates only)

Gram-negative bacteria:

Acinetobacter baumannii

Escherichia coli

Haemophilus influenzae (excluding β-lactamase negative, ampicillin-resistant isolates)

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (given in combination with an aminoglycoside to which the isolate is susceptible)

Anaerobic bacteria:

Bacteroides fragilis group (B. fragilis, B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B. vulgatus)

The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown.

At least 90% of the following microorganisms exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for piperacillin/tazobactam. However, the safety and effectiveness of piperacillin/tazobactam in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria have not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.

Gram-positive bacteria:

Enterococcus faecalis (ampicillin or penicillin-susceptible isolates only)

Staphylococcus epidermidis (methicillin susceptible isolates only)

Streptococcus agalactiae These are not β-lactamase producing bacteria and, therefore, are susceptible to Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) alone.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible isolates only)

Streptococcus pyogenes

Viridans group streptococci

Gram-negative bacteria:

Citrobacter koseri

Moraxella catarrhalis

Morganella morganii

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Proteus mirabilis

Proteus vulgaris

Serratia marcescens

Providencia stuartii

Providencia rettgeri

Salmonella enterica

Anaerobic bacteria:

Clostridium perfringens

Bacteroides distasonis

Prevotella melaninogenica

Susceptibility Testing Methods

As is recommended with all antimicrobials, the results of in vitro susceptibility tests, when available, should be provided to the physician as periodic reports, which describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting the most effective antimicrobial.

Dilution Techniques:

Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method (broth or agar) or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam powders.^2,3 MIC values should be determined using serial dilutions of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) combined with a fixed concentration of 4 μg/mL tazobactam. The MIC values obtained should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 8.

Diffusion Technique:

Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size provides an estimate of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size should be determined using a standardized test method^2,4 and requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 100 mcg of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and 10 mcg of tazobactam to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to piperacillin/tazobactam. The disk diffusion interpreted criteria are provided in Table 8.

Anaerobic Techniques

For anaerobic bacteria, the susceptibility to piperacillin/tazobactam can be determined by the reference agar dilution method.⁵

A report of S ("Susceptible") indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentration at the infection site necessary to inhibit growth of the pathogen. A report of I ("Intermediate") indicates that the results should be considered equivocal, and if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone, which prevents small, uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of R ("Resistant") indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited even if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentration usually achievable at the infection site; other therapy should be considered.

Quality Control

Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of quality controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test procedures.^2,3,4,5 Standard piperacillin/tazobactam powder should provide the following ranges of values noted in Table 9. Quality control bacteria are specific strains of bacteria with intrinsic biological properties relating to resistance mechanisms and their genetic expression within the microorganism; the specific strains used for microbiological quality control are not clinically significant.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Long-term carcinogenicity studies in animals have not been conducted with piperacillin/tazobactam, Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium), or tazobactam.

Piperacillin/Tazobactam

Piperacillin/tazobactam was negative in microbial mutagenicity assays, the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test, a mammalian point mutation (Chinese hamster ovary cell HPRT) assay, and a mammalian cell (BALB/c-3T3) transformation assay. In vivo, piperacillin/tazobactam did not induce chromosomal aberrations in rats.

Piperacillin/tazobactam

Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility when piperacillin/tazobactam is administered intravenously up to a dose of 1280/320 mg/kg piperacillin/tazobactam, which is similar to the maximum recommended human daily dose based on body-surface area (mg/m²).

15 REFERENCES

• Jensen J-US, Hein L, Lundgren B, et al. BMJ Open 2012; 2:e000635. doi:10.1136.
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-third Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S23, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2013.
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard - Ninth Edition. CLSI document M07-A9, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2012.
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard – Eleventh Edition. CLSI document M02-A11, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2012.
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria; Approved Standard - Eight Edition. CLSI document M11-A8. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, PA 19087 USA, 2012.

CLINITEST^® is a registered trademark of Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc.

GALAXY is a registered trademark of Baxter International Inc.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) (piperacillin and tazobactam) for Injection are supplied as single-dose vials and pharmacy bulk vials in the following sizes:

• Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 2.25 g vial provides Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 2 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.25 g of tazobactam. Each vial contains 5.68 mEq (130 mg) of sodium. Supplied 10 per box-NDC 0206-8852-16
• Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 3.375 g vial provides Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 3 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.375 g of tazobactam. Each vial contains 8.52 mEq (195 mg) of sodium. Supplied 10 per box-NDC 0206-8854-16
• Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 4.5 g vial provides Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 4 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.5 g of tazobactam. Each vial contains 11.36 mEq (260 mg) of sodium. Supplied 10 per box-NDC 0206-8855-16
• Each Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) 40.5 g pharmacy bulk vial provides Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) sodium equivalent to 36 grams of Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) and tazobactam sodium equivalent to 4.5 grams of tazobactam. Each pharmacy bulk vial contains 100.4 mEq (2,304 mg) of sodium. NDC 0206-8859-10

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) for Injection vials should be stored at controlled room temperature (20°C to 25°C [68°F to 77°F]) prior to reconstitution.

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) (piperacillin and tazobactam) Injection in GALAXY Containers are supplied as a frozen, iso-osmotic, sterile, nonpyrogenic solution in single dose plastic containers as follows:

• 2.25 g (piperacillin sodium equivalent to 2 g piperacillin/tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.25 g tazobactam) in 50 mL. Each container has 5.58 mEq (128 mg) of sodium. Supplied 24/box-NDC 0206-8860-02
• 3.375 g (piperacillin sodium equivalent to 3 g piperacillin/tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.375 g tazobactam) in 50 mL. Each container has 8.38 mEq (192 mg) of sodium. Supplied 24/box-NDC 0206-8861-02
• 4.5 g (piperacillin sodium equivalent to 4 g piperacillin/tazobactam sodium equivalent to 0.5 g tazobactam) in 100 mL. Each container has 11.17 mEq (256 mg) of sodium. Supplied 12/box-NDC 0206-8862-02

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) Injection in GALAXY Containers should be stored at or below -20°C (-4°F).

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION

Serious Hypersensitivity Reactions

Advise patients, their families, or caregivers that serious hypersensitivity reactions, including serious allergic cutaneous reactions, could occur that require immediate treatment. Ask them about any previous hypersensitivity reactions to Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium), other beta-lactams (including cephalosporins), or other allergens [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ].

Diarrhea

Advise patients, their families, or caregivers that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibacterial drugs which usually ends when the drug is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibacterial drugs, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the drug. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.

Antibacterial Resistance

Counsel patients that antibacterial drugs including Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) or other antibacterial drugs in the future.

Counsel patients that Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium) can cross the placenta in humans and is excreted in human milk.

Pfizer Injectables

Distributed by

Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc

A subsidiary of Pfizer Inc

Philadelphia, PA 19101

LAB-0690-8.0

Figure Figure

NDC 0206-8852-08

2.25 gram Single Use Vial

Tazocin EF (Piperacillin Sodium)^®

(piperacillin and

tazobactam for

injection, USP)

2.25 gram

For IV Use Only

Rx only

Tazobactam Sodium:

• Tazocin EF (Tazobactam Sodium) reviews

Indication: Used in combination with piperacillin to broaden the spectrum of piperacillin antibacterial action.

Tazocin EF (Tazobactam Sodium) is a compound which inhibits the action of bacterial beta-lactamases. It is added to the extended spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic piperacillin.